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This volume presents state-of-the-art empirical studies working
in a paradigm that has become known as human behavioral ecology.
The emergence of this approach in anthropology was marked by
publication by Aldine in 1979 of an earlier collection of studies
edited by Chagnon and Irons entitled Evolutionary Biology and Human
Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. During the two
decades that have passed since then, this innovative approach has
matured and expanded into new areas that are explored here.
The book opens with an introductory chapter by Chagnon and Irons
tracing the origins of human behavioral ecology and its subsequent
development. Subsequent chapters, written by both younger scholars
and established researchers, cover a wide range of societies and
topics organ-ized into six sections. The first section includes two
chapters that provide historical background on the development of
human behavioral ecology and com-pare it to two complementary
approaches in the study of evolution and human behavior,
evolutionary psychology, and dual inheritance theory. The second
section includes five studies of mating efforts in a variety of
societies from South America and Africa. The third section covers
parenting, with five studies on soci-eties from Africa, Asia, and
North America. The fourth section breaks somewhat with the
tradition in human behavioral ecology by focusing on one
particularly problematic issue, the demographic transition, using
data from Europe, North America, and Asia. The fifth section
includes studies of cooperation and helping behaviors, using data
from societies in Micronesia and South America. The sixth and final
section consists of a single chapter that places the volume in a
broader critical and comparative context.
The contributions to this volume demonstrate, with a high degree
of theoretical and methodological sophistication--the maturity and
freshness of this new paradigm in the study of human behavior. The
volume will be of interest to anthropologists and other professions
working on the study of cross-cultural human behavior.
The 1760s was a pivotal decade for the philosophes. In the late
1750s their cause had been at a low ebb, but it was transformed in
the eyes of public opinion by such events as the Calas affair in
the early 1760s. By the end of the decade, the philosophes were
dominant in key literary institutions such as the Comedie-Francaise
and the Academie francaise, and their enlightened programme became
more widely accepted. Many of the essays in this volume focus on
Voltaire, revealing him as a writer of fiction and polemic who,
during this period, became increasingly interested in questions of
justice and jurisprudence. Other essays examine the literary
activities of Voltaire's contemporaries, including Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Chamfort, Retif, Sedaine and Marmontel. It is no
exaggeration to describe the 1760s as Voltaire's decade. It is he
more than any other author who set the agenda and held the public's
attention during this seminal period for the development of
Enlightenment ideas and values. Voltaire's dominance of the 1760s
can be summed up in a single phrase: it is in these years that he
became the 'patriarch of Ferney'.
This volume contains the general introduction to Voltaire's work of
global history. Written by an international team of experts, the
introduction covers the genesis, publication and reception of the
work, as well as offering a detailed analysis of Voltaire's
historical vision. It also benefits from a full bibliography of
editions published in Voltaire's lifetime. An indispensable
resource for historians and students of the Enlightenment.
Enlightenment values, including an emphasis on human rights and
belief in rationalism and progress, aspire to be universals, yet at
the same time they are concepts grounded in the eighteenth century.
Since the French Revolution we have grappled with the concepts of
Enlightenment, Lumière, Aufklärung, in an attempt to understand
how these eighteenth-century concepts continue to shape and
influence modern notions of liberal culture. This collection of
essays approaches these important questions in a resolutely
European and multi-lingual perspective. Ranging from Victor Cousin
to Peter Gay, different chapters consider Tocqueville and the
Hegelian school (Bruno Bauer, David Friedrich Strauss, Hermann
Hettner), the intellectual currents in Europe around 1900 (Wilhelm
Dilthey, Gustave Lanson), the thinkers of the Weimar Republic
(Ernst Cassirer) and of the Frankfurt School (Max Horkheimer,
Theodor W. Adorno), and the debates after the Second World War
(Franco Venturi). While the principal focus is on writing in
French, German and English, the book also treats the Russian- and
Italian-speaking worlds. This important contribution to the history
of ideas helps us to redefine the Enlightenment. These essays do
not merely describe historical assessments of an eighteenth-century
movement of ideas: they contribute to the ongoing debate about the
very nature of the concept of Enlightenment.
This volume contains further full critical editions of some of
Voltaire's many and varied writings of 1772. When Voltaire hears
that Gustav III has assumed power in Sweden after a coup d'etat, he
welcomes a new member to the club of enlightened rulers with the
poem "Au roi de Suede, Gustave III". He returns to legal
considerations, this time in their relation to religious
toleration, in the "Reflexions philosophiques sur le proces de
mademoiselle Camp", and the abuse of ecclesiastical privilege is
attacked in "La Voix du cure sur le proces des serfs du Mont-Jura".
The theme of religious intolerance surfaces again in his treatment
of the Crusades in "Quelques petites hardiesses de Mr. Clair, a
l'occasion d'un panegyrique de Saint Louis". He also publishes a
treatise of sceptical deism, oddly entitled "Il faut prendre un
parti ou le principe d'action". Voltaire continued to write poetry
in a range of styles and genres: two verse satires, "Les Systemes"
and "Les Cabales", a slighter work, "Jean qui pleure et qui rit",
and towards the end of the year, one of his most important poems,
the "Epitre a Horace", which shows him comparing notes with Horace
as to how each of them will be treated by posterity: 'J'ai vecu
plus que toi; mes vers dureront moins.'
This volume completes the edition of Voltaire's writings of
1746-1748, highlighting once again the incredible diversity of
Voltaire's oeuvre. It contains some short texts published for the
first time in the Dresden edition of 1748, notably on political and
military topics. In particular, this volume reflects some of the
fruits of Voltaire's years as royal historiographer, with his
writings on Louis XIV and Louis XV anticipating his later
monumental "Siecle de Louis XIV".
The comedy "L'Envieux" is a thinly veiled allegory of the Cirey
household and of Desfontaines's underhand manoeuvres against it.
With the publication of Desfontaines's "Voltairomanie" in December
1738, Voltaire had to abandon the idea of having the play
performed. Instead he set to work on a tragedy, "Zulime", the story
of a princess in love with a slave who is already married. Even
though the play was not the hoped-for success that would silence
his detractors, Voltaire continued to revise it and to have it
privately performed for many years. Meanwhile the printer Ledet was
publishing an edition of Voltaire's works, surreptitiously
including the banned "Lettres philosophiques". Voltaire's "Memoire"
on the edition serves the double function of pointing out all that
is new as well as the printer's many errors. The "Epitre a un
ministre d'Etat" is another text that underwent significant
revisions over the years. Originally addressed to Maurepas -
perhaps in gratitude for his help in the Desfontaines affair - the
epistle seems also to have been intended for Frederick. As
Voltaire's relationship with both men deteriorated, so the poem was
transformed from a tribute to patronage to a lament on the plight
of the arts.
This benchmark text integrates the recent revolution in the molecular-developmental genetics of plants with mainstream evolutionary thought. There is increasing cooperation between strongly genomics-influenced researchers, with their strong grasp of technology - and evolutionary morphogenetists and systematists who are more deeply rooted in comparative biology and patterns of plant evolution. This book discusses our increasing understanding of gene function and expression, along with modern phylogenies integrating morphological and molecular data to highlight specific key transitions in plant evolution most worthy of intensive study. Furthermore, it explores increasing knowledge of the physical expression of plant development from disciplines such as anatomy and palaeobotany. Rather than focus on the technical aspects of plant genomics, this book provides genuinely integrated explanations of plant evolution. This leading panel of contributors have succeeded in turning a demanding subject into an accessible volume for a wide range of professional botanists and postgraduates and senior undergraduates in developmental biology, applied molecular biology, molecular evolution, morphogenesis, organismal botany and theoretical systematics.
In 1770 Voltaire, now aged 76, is writing as furiously as ever. In
addition to embarking on an ambitious new project, the "Questions
sur l'Encyclopedie", and writing other works of his own, he also
becomes interested in publishing the texts of other writers. Three
such works are brought together in this volume where they are
edited in full for the first time. The first text, a somewhat
uncritical edition of a sixteenth-century satire, "Le Cymbalum
mundi", is disinterred by Voltaire as a cautionary tale about the
absurdities of censorship. The next two, "Les Souvenirs de Mme de
Caylus" and the "Journal de Dangeau", are memoirs of the grand
siecle, witness to Voltaire's abiding interest in the age of Louis
XIV. In all three of these somewhat unconventional 'editions',
Voltaire's own voice comes through loud and clear, in his prefaces,
and in often satirical footnotes.
How to Use SPSS® is designed with the novice computer user in mind
and for people who have no previous experience using SPSS. Each
chapter is divided into short sections that describe the statistic
being used, important underlying assumptions, and how to interpret
the results and express them in a research report. The book begins
with the basics, such as starting SPSS, defining variables, and
entering and saving data. It covers all major statistical
techniques typically taught in beginning statistics classes, such a
descriptive statistics, graphing data, prediction and association,
parametric inferential statistics, nonparametric inferential
statistics and statistics for test construction. More than 275
screenshots (including sample output) throughout the book show
students exactly what to expect as they follow along using SPSS.
The book includes a glossary of statistical terms and practice
exercises. A complete set of online resources including video
tutorials and output files for students, and PowerPoint slides and
test bank questions for instructors, make How to Use SPSS® the
definitive, field-tested resource for learning SPSS. New to this
edition: Fully updated to the reflect SPSS version 29. Every screen
shot has been recaptured. New video supplements for all practice
exercises. References to significance levels have been updated to
reflect the new SPSS output format. Effect size is now shown in
output for many procedures and reference to some effect size has
been moved from Appendix A to be more integrated into the chapters.
Sample results sections now also include effect size where SPSS
directly calculates effect size. A new section covering the EXPLORE
command has been added to Chapter 3.
'La methode des dictionnaires [...] est d'une utilite qu'on ne peut
contester' ecrit Voltaire dans les "Questions sur l'Encyclopedie".
Mais s'il se plie a l'ordre alphabetique dans ce compendium de sa
pensee, il n'obeit pas aux autres regles du genre, melant prose et
vers, contes et dialogues. Les Questions sur l'Encyclopedie ne se
limitent pas a interpeller l'Encyclopedie, loin s'en faut: chacune
de ses lectures semble inspirer a Voltaire un nouvel article sur
des themes aussi varies que l'histoire, la science, la politique,
la religion et le droit. Collaborateurs: Francois Bessire,
Marie-Helene Cotoni, Nicholas Cronk, Olivier Ferret, Graham
Gargett, Paul Gibbard, Russell Goulbourne, Laurence Mace,
Christiane Mervaud, Michel Mervaud, Francois Moureau, Christophe
Paillard, John Renwick, Maria Susana Seguin, Gerhardt Stenger, Marc
Waddicor.
How to Use SPSS® is designed with the novice computer user in mind
and for people who have no previous experience using SPSS. Each
chapter is divided into short sections that describe the statistic
being used, important underlying assumptions, and how to interpret
the results and express them in a research report. The book begins
with the basics, such as starting SPSS, defining variables, and
entering and saving data. It covers all major statistical
techniques typically taught in beginning statistics classes, such a
descriptive statistics, graphing data, prediction and association,
parametric inferential statistics, nonparametric inferential
statistics and statistics for test construction. More than 275
screenshots (including sample output) throughout the book show
students exactly what to expect as they follow along using SPSS.
The book includes a glossary of statistical terms and practice
exercises. A complete set of online resources including video
tutorials and output files for students, and PowerPoint slides and
test bank questions for instructors, make How to Use SPSS® the
definitive, field-tested resource for learning SPSS. New to this
edition: Fully updated to the reflect SPSS version 29. Every screen
shot has been recaptured. New video supplements for all practice
exercises. References to significance levels have been updated to
reflect the new SPSS output format. Effect size is now shown in
output for many procedures and reference to some effect size has
been moved from Appendix A to be more integrated into the chapters.
Sample results sections now also include effect size where SPSS
directly calculates effect size. A new section covering the EXPLORE
command has been added to Chapter 3.
Published in 1987, the central question with which this book is
concerned is what can, and should, teachers do about teacher-pupil
conflict in schools? Few teachers in secondary education would need
to have this sort of conflict described as even if that have been
fortunate enough to avoid it themselves they will know of it from
staffroom discussion and from the media. In can be seen in
disorderly classrooms where pupils 'mess about' and 'have a laugh',
and in the bleak expression on the face of their teacher. Equally
it can be detected in those classrooms where the teacher is in firm
control, but where pupils gaze listlessly out of the window, or
only minimally comply with work demands. It is characterized by
sudden blazing temper on both sides, and also by long periods of
weariness, boredom and disengagement. It is not that conflict which
might arise from temporary private troubles, from having a bad day
or going through a bad patch, for it is there week in week out, and
involves significant numbers. Such conflict has been of interest to
both psychologists and sociologists of education and important
contributions have been offered by both of these disciplines.
Sociologists have mapped out the differing cultural values and
norms which appear to promote it. They have identified the social
constraints present within the environment in which it is produced,
constraints which emanate from the socio-economic organization of
society and from the maintenance of an institutional framework, and
which affect the micro-dynamics of teacher-pupil interaction.
Psychologists have described the effects on behaviour of genetic
factors, environmental conditions and cognitive states. Important
though such insights are, however, they can only speak indirectly
to teacher practice. This book provides an educational approach to
the subject discussing topics including theoretical considerations,
teacher-pupil discussion and relationships between classroom
behaviour and the curriculum. It will appeal to those involved with
schools and education, as well as psychologists, educational
sociologists and researchers.
Creations by today's top teddy bear makers are featured in this
heartwarming collection of more than 100 lavish color photographs.
Accompanying text by the former editor of Teddy Bear Review
magazine introduces readers to the international spectrum of
talented designers and makers behind the world's most lovable teddy
bears. Mr. Cronk, a well-respected authority on teddy bears, has
also written a compelling and comprehensive introduction that
presents a brief history of this popular plaything and traces, for
the first time in print, the development of the current trend for
making and collecting Teddy bears.
When evolutionary biology stretched out a tentacle called
sociobiology and began to probe human behavior back in the 1970s,
there was no room for neutrality. Advocates of the new science
hailed the dawn of a new era in our understanding of human
behavior, while opponents wrung their hands with concern over the
new field's potential to transform and
L'Essai sur les moeurs est une oeuvre complexe, aux contours
mouvants. Comme le demontre l'ensemble de textes disparates reunis
dans ce volume, Voltaire revient sans cesse a l'Essai, et
l'evolution de l'oeuvre n'est aucunement lineaire. Une serie de
complements a notre texte de base (l'edition dite 'encadree' de
1775) est donc presentee ici: trois textes parus dans l'edition
encadree en guise de supplements; un premier Plan de l'oeuvre, qui
date de 1745; des articles de journaux et des lettres qui
s'inscrivent dans le cadre du debat autour de l'edition non
autorisee de l'Abrege, parue en 1753; 'Le Chapitre des arts',
projet d'une section de l'Essai restee a l'etat d'esquisse, dont la
toute premiere edition critique est presentee ici; et des textes
parus apres 1760 dans lesquels Voltaire repond a des critiques de
l'oeuvre. Enfin, une description de l'index (par Simon Bigex) qui
accompagne l'edition encadree de 1775; et les notes et remarques
sur l'Essai redigees par Wagniere apres la mort de Voltaire
completent ce recueil de textes annexes. Dans l'ensemble ces textes
ajoutent a la toile de fond du developpement de l'Essai et de sa
presentation. Ce volume se termine par une edition des Fragments
sur l'histoire generale (1773) ou Voltaire privilegie les aspects
de l'Essai qui s'etaient averes les plus controverses. Voltaire,
combatif, rassure son public qu'il n'avait en rien renie les
elements majeurs de sa philosophie de l'histoire.
Dans ces derniers chapitres, Voltaire poursuit et conclut son
panorama des forces motrices de l'histoire. La description des
principaux pays dont il a fait l'examen dans les volumes precedents
s'etend a present jusqu'a la moitie du dix-septieme siecle pour
rejoindre le siecle de Louis XIV. Voltaire s'interesse a l'impact
des evenements historiques sur le commerce et les arts. Il fait le
point sur les progres accomplis a travers l'Europe et l'Asie en
etalant un catalogue d'anecdotes extravagantes, et d'atrocites. Un
debat avec les idees de Montesquieu, en particulier sur le
despotisme, transparait dans certains chapitres. L'empire ottoman,
la Perse, l'Inde sont presentes comme les defenseurs des droits de
l'humanite et les promoteurs de la tolerance religieuse.
L'importance de la civilisation europeenne est relativisee, et la
Chine sert de point de comparaison pour se livrer a une critique
des conditions de l'Europe. L'Essai sur les moeurs commencait et se
terminera par une description de la Chine, ancienne et moderne,
perspective hautement inhabituelle au dix-huitieme siecle. Dans son
chapitre final, Voltaire invite le lecteur a reflechir sur le sens
de la progression historique. L'annotation fournit les references
detaillees des sources auxquelles Voltaire avait acces, et
s'interesse a l'usage qu'il en a fait. L'ouvrage contient un index
des noms propres ainsi qu'un index analytique.
En 1765, pour completer une nouvelle collection mise en oeuvre par
le libraire-imprimeur Gabriel Cramer, Voltaire compose de nombreux
courts textes sur des matieres qui sont au coeur de ses
preoccupations: la politique, la philosophie, la religion, la
litterature, l'histoire... Le present volume des OEuvres completes
presente tous les textes dont ce troisieme tome des Nouveaux
Melanges constitue l'edition princeps. Les rassembler de telle
sorte permet de considerer pour la premiere fois les liens qui
unissent cet ensemble. Collaborateurs: David Adams, Nicholas Cronk,
Jean Dagen, Simon Davies, Diana Guiragossian-Carr, Basil Guy,
Jacqueline Hellegouarc'h, Jacqueline Marchand, Haydn Mason, Helder
Mendes Baiao, Myrtille Mericam-Bourdet, Michel Mervaud, Francois
Moureau, Jean-Alexandre Perras, Gerhardt Stenger, David Williams.
Le Siecle de Louis XIV est une des etapes marquantes de la carriere
de l'historien-philosophe Voltaire, et la premiere grande synthese
consacree au regne de Louis XIV. Ce volume contient les chapitres
31 a 39 de cet ouvrage determinant. Voltaire y decrit des aspects
de la vie culturelle pendant le regne de Louis XIV, y compris les
sciences, la litterature, les beaux-arts et les controverses en
matiere de religion. Le texte de Voltaire est enrichi de notes et
de commentaires de l'editeur scientifique qui eclairent
l'utilisation des sources et le contexte historiographique. Cette
edition est accompagnee de seize illustrations, la plupart
provenant des collections du chateau de Versailles, rarement
montrees au public. Cette nouvelle edition critique du Siecle de
Louis XIV est publiee en sept tomes (t.11A-13D des OEuvres
completes de Voltaire) avec le soutien du Centre de recherche du
chateau de Versailles.
How to Use SPSS (R) is designed with the novice computer user in
mind and for people who have no previous experience using SPSS.
Each chapter is divided into short sections that describe the
statistic being used, important underlying assumptions, and how to
interpret the results and express them in a research report. The
book begins with the basics, such as starting SPSS, defining
variables, and entering and saving data. It covers all major
statistical techniques typically taught in beginning statistics
classes, such as descriptive statistics, graphing data, prediction
and association, parametric inferential statistics, nonparametric
inferential statistics and statistics for test construction. More
than 270 screenshots (including sample output) throughout the book
show students exactly what to expect as they follow along using
SPSS. The book includes a glossary of statistical terms and
practice exercises. A complete set of online resources including
video tutorials and output files for students, and PowerPoint
slides and test bank questions for instructors, make How to Use
SPSS (R) the definitive, field-tested resource for learning SPSS.
New to this edition: Now in full color with additional screenshots
Fully updated to the reflect SPSS version 26 (and prior versions)
Changes in nonparametric tests Model View incorporated Data and
real output are now available for all Phrasing Results sections -
eliminating hypothetical output or hypothetical data
Can one change one's ethnicity? Can an entire ethnic group change
its ethnicity? This book focuses on the strategic manipulation of
ethnic identity by the Mukogodo of Kenya. Until the 1920s and
1930s, the Mukogodo were Cushitic-speaking foragers (hunters,
gatherers, and beekeepers). However, changes brought on by British
colonial policies led them
Published in 1987, the central question with which this book is
concerned is what can, and should, teachers do about teacher-pupil
conflict in schools? Few teachers in secondary education would need
to have this sort of conflict described as even if that have been
fortunate enough to avoid it themselves they will know of it from
staffroom discussion and from the media. In can be seen in
disorderly classrooms where pupils 'mess about' and 'have a laugh',
and in the bleak expression on the face of their teacher. Equally
it can be detected in those classrooms where the teacher is in firm
control, but where pupils gaze listlessly out of the window, or
only minimally comply with work demands. It is characterized by
sudden blazing temper on both sides, and also by long periods of
weariness, boredom and disengagement. It is not that conflict which
might arise from temporary private troubles, from having a bad day
or going through a bad patch, for it is there week in week out, and
involves significant numbers. Such conflict has been of interest to
both psychologists and sociologists of education and important
contributions have been offered by both of these disciplines.
Sociologists have mapped out the differing cultural values and
norms which appear to promote it. They have identified the social
constraints present within the environment in which it is produced,
constraints which emanate from the socio-economic organization of
society and from the maintenance of an institutional framework, and
which affect the micro-dynamics of teacher-pupil interaction.
Psychologists have described the effects on behaviour of genetic
factors, environmental conditions and cognitive states. Important
though such insights are, however, they can only speak indirectly
to teacher practice. This book provides an educational approach to
the subject discussing topics including theoretical considerations,
teacher-pupil discussion and relationships between classroom
behaviour and the curriculum. It will appeal to those involved with
schools and education, as well as psychologists, educational
sociologists and researchers.
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