This volume presents state-of-the-art empirical studies working in a paradigm that has become known as human behavioral ecology. The emergence of this approach in anthropology was marked by publication by Aldine in 1979 of an earlier collection of studies edited by Chagnon and Irons entitled Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. During the two decades that have passed since then, this innovative approach has matured and expanded into new areas that are explored here.

The book opens with an introductory chapter by Chagnon and Irons tracing the origins of human behavioral ecology and its subsequent development. Subsequent chapters, written by both younger scholars and established researchers, cover a wide range of societies and topics organ-ized into six sections. The first section includes two chapters that provide historical background on the development of human behavioral ecology and com-pare it to two complementary approaches in the study of evolution and human behavior, evolutionary psychology, and dual inheritance theory. The second section includes five studies of mating efforts in a variety of societies from South America and Africa. The third section covers parenting, with five studies on soci-eties from Africa, Asia, and North America. The fourth section breaks somewhat with the tradition in human behavioral ecology by focusing on one particularly problematic issue, the demographic transition, using data from Europe, North America, and Asia. The fifth section includes studies of cooperation and helping behaviors, using data from societies in Micronesia and South America. The sixth and final section consists of a single chapter that places the volume in a broader critical and comparative context.

The contributions to this volume demonstrate, with a high degree of theoretical and methodological sophistication--the maturity and freshness of this new paradigm in the study of human behavior. The volume will be of interest to anthropologists and other professions working on the study of cross-cultural human behavior.

The 1760s was a pivotal decade for the philosophes. In the late 1750s their cause had been at a low ebb, but it was transformed in the eyes of public opinion by such events as the Calas affair in the early 1760s. By the end of the decade, the philosophes were dominant in key literary institutions such as the Comedie-Francaise and the Academie francaise, and their enlightened programme became more widely accepted. Many of the essays in this volume focus on Voltaire, revealing him as a writer of fiction and polemic who, during this period, became increasingly interested in questions of justice and jurisprudence. Other essays examine the literary activities of Voltaire's contemporaries, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Chamfort, Retif, Sedaine and Marmontel. It is no exaggeration to describe the 1760s as Voltaire's decade. It is he more than any other author who set the agenda and held the public's attention during this seminal period for the development of Enlightenment ideas and values. Voltaire's dominance of the 1760s can be summed up in a single phrase: it is in these years that he became the 'patriarch of Ferney'.

This volume contains the general introduction to Voltaire's work of global history. Written by an international team of experts, the introduction covers the genesis, publication and reception of the work, as well as offering a detailed analysis of Voltaire's historical vision. It also benefits from a full bibliography of editions published in Voltaire's lifetime. An indispensable resource for historians and students of the Enlightenment.

Enlightenment values, including an emphasis on human rights and belief in rationalism and progress, aspire to be universals, yet at the same time they are concepts grounded in the eighteenth century. Since the French Revolution we have grappled with the concepts of Enlightenment, Lumière, Aufklärung, in an attempt to understand how these eighteenth-century concepts continue to shape and influence modern notions of liberal culture. This collection of essays approaches these important questions in a resolutely European and multi-lingual perspective. Ranging from Victor Cousin to Peter Gay, different chapters consider Tocqueville and the Hegelian school (Bruno Bauer, David Friedrich Strauss, Hermann Hettner), the intellectual currents in Europe around 1900 (Wilhelm Dilthey, Gustave Lanson), the thinkers of the Weimar Republic (Ernst Cassirer) and of the Frankfurt School (Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno), and the debates after the Second World War (Franco Venturi). While the principal focus is on writing in French, German and English, the book also treats the Russian- and Italian-speaking worlds. This important contribution to the history of ideas helps us to redefine the Enlightenment. These essays do not merely describe historical assessments of an eighteenth-century movement of ideas: they contribute to the ongoing debate about the very nature of the concept of Enlightenment.

This volume contains further full critical editions of some of Voltaire's many and varied writings of 1772. When Voltaire hears that Gustav III has assumed power in Sweden after a coup d'etat, he welcomes a new member to the club of enlightened rulers with the poem "Au roi de Suede, Gustave III". He returns to legal considerations, this time in their relation to religious toleration, in the "Reflexions philosophiques sur le proces de mademoiselle Camp", and the abuse of ecclesiastical privilege is attacked in "La Voix du cure sur le proces des serfs du Mont-Jura". The theme of religious intolerance surfaces again in his treatment of the Crusades in "Quelques petites hardiesses de Mr. Clair, a l'occasion d'un panegyrique de Saint Louis". He also publishes a treatise of sceptical deism, oddly entitled "Il faut prendre un parti ou le principe d'action". Voltaire continued to write poetry in a range of styles and genres: two verse satires, "Les Systemes" and "Les Cabales", a slighter work, "Jean qui pleure et qui rit", and towards the end of the year, one of his most important poems, the "Epitre a Horace", which shows him comparing notes with Horace as to how each of them will be treated by posterity: 'J'ai vecu plus que toi; mes vers dureront moins.'

This volume completes the edition of Voltaire's writings of 1746-1748, highlighting once again the incredible diversity of Voltaire's oeuvre. It contains some short texts published for the first time in the Dresden edition of 1748, notably on political and military topics. In particular, this volume reflects some of the fruits of Voltaire's years as royal historiographer, with his writings on Louis XIV and Louis XV anticipating his later monumental "Siecle de Louis XIV".

The comedy "L'Envieux" is a thinly veiled allegory of the Cirey household and of Desfontaines's underhand manoeuvres against it. With the publication of Desfontaines's "Voltairomanie" in December 1738, Voltaire had to abandon the idea of having the play performed. Instead he set to work on a tragedy, "Zulime", the story of a princess in love with a slave who is already married. Even though the play was not the hoped-for success that would silence his detractors, Voltaire continued to revise it and to have it privately performed for many years. Meanwhile the printer Ledet was publishing an edition of Voltaire's works, surreptitiously including the banned "Lettres philosophiques". Voltaire's "Memoire" on the edition serves the double function of pointing out all that is new as well as the printer's many errors. The "Epitre a un ministre d'Etat" is another text that underwent significant revisions over the years. Originally addressed to Maurepas - perhaps in gratitude for his help in the Desfontaines affair - the epistle seems also to have been intended for Frederick. As Voltaire's relationship with both men deteriorated, so the poem was transformed from a tribute to patronage to a lament on the plight of the arts.

This benchmark text integrates the recent revolution in the molecular-developmental genetics of plants with mainstream evolutionary thought. There is increasing cooperation between strongly genomics-influenced researchers, with their strong grasp of technology - and evolutionary morphogenetists and systematists who are more deeply rooted in comparative biology and patterns of plant evolution. This book discusses our increasing understanding of gene function and expression, along with modern phylogenies integrating morphological and molecular data to highlight specific key transitions in plant evolution most worthy of intensive study. Furthermore, it explores increasing knowledge of the physical expression of plant development from disciplines such as anatomy and palaeobotany. Rather than focus on the technical aspects of plant genomics, this book provides genuinely integrated explanations of plant evolution.
This leading panel of contributors have succeeded in turning a demanding subject into an accessible volume for a wide range of professional botanists and postgraduates and senior undergraduates in developmental biology, applied molecular biology, molecular evolution, morphogenesis, organismal botany and theoretical systematics.

In 1770 Voltaire, now aged 76, is writing as furiously as ever. In addition to embarking on an ambitious new project, the "Questions sur l'Encyclopedie", and writing other works of his own, he also becomes interested in publishing the texts of other writers. Three such works are brought together in this volume where they are edited in full for the first time. The first text, a somewhat uncritical edition of a sixteenth-century satire, "Le Cymbalum mundi", is disinterred by Voltaire as a cautionary tale about the absurdities of censorship. The next two, "Les Souvenirs de Mme de Caylus" and the "Journal de Dangeau", are memoirs of the grand siecle, witness to Voltaire's abiding interest in the age of Louis XIV. In all three of these somewhat unconventional 'editions', Voltaire's own voice comes through loud and clear, in his prefaces, and in often satirical footnotes.

How to Use SPSS® is designed with the novice computer user in mind and for people who have no previous experience using SPSS. Each chapter is divided into short sections that describe the statistic being used, important underlying assumptions, and how to interpret the results and express them in a research report. The book begins with the basics, such as starting SPSS, defining variables, and entering and saving data. It covers all major statistical techniques typically taught in beginning statistics classes, such a descriptive statistics, graphing data, prediction and association, parametric inferential statistics, nonparametric inferential statistics and statistics for test construction. More than 275 screenshots (including sample output) throughout the book show students exactly what to expect as they follow along using SPSS. The book includes a glossary of statistical terms and practice exercises. A complete set of online resources including video tutorials and output files for students, and PowerPoint slides and test bank questions for instructors, make How to Use SPSS® the definitive, field-tested resource for learning SPSS. New to this edition: Fully updated to the reflect SPSS version 29. Every screen shot has been recaptured. New video supplements for all practice exercises. References to significance levels have been updated to reflect the new SPSS output format. Effect size is now shown in output for many procedures and reference to some effect size has been moved from Appendix A to be more integrated into the chapters. Sample results sections now also include effect size where SPSS directly calculates effect size. A new section covering the EXPLORE command has been added to Chapter 3.

How to Use SPSS® is designed with the novice computer user in mind and for people who have no previous experience using SPSS. Each chapter is divided into short sections that describe the statistic being used, important underlying assumptions, and how to interpret the results and express them in a research report. The book begins with the basics, such as starting SPSS, defining variables, and entering and saving data. It covers all major statistical techniques typically taught in beginning statistics classes, such a descriptive statistics, graphing data, prediction and association, parametric inferential statistics, nonparametric inferential statistics and statistics for test construction. More than 275 screenshots (including sample output) throughout the book show students exactly what to expect as they follow along using SPSS. The book includes a glossary of statistical terms and practice exercises. A complete set of online resources including video tutorials and output files for students, and PowerPoint slides and test bank questions for instructors, make How to Use SPSS® the definitive, field-tested resource for learning SPSS. New to this edition: Fully updated to the reflect SPSS version 29. Every screen shot has been recaptured. New video supplements for all practice exercises. References to significance levels have been updated to reflect the new SPSS output format. Effect size is now shown in output for many procedures and reference to some effect size has been moved from Appendix A to be more integrated into the chapters. Sample results sections now also include effect size where SPSS directly calculates effect size. A new section covering the EXPLORE command has been added to Chapter 3.

'La methode des dictionnaires [...] est d'une utilite qu'on ne peut contester' ecrit Voltaire dans les "Questions sur l'Encyclopedie". Mais s'il se plie a l'ordre alphabetique dans ce compendium de sa pensee, il n'obeit pas aux autres regles du genre, melant prose et vers, contes et dialogues. Les Questions sur l'Encyclopedie ne se limitent pas a interpeller l'Encyclopedie, loin s'en faut: chacune de ses lectures semble inspirer a Voltaire un nouvel article sur des themes aussi varies que l'histoire, la science, la politique, la religion et le droit. Collaborateurs: Francois Bessire, Marie-Helene Cotoni, Nicholas Cronk, Olivier Ferret, Graham Gargett, Paul Gibbard, Russell Goulbourne, Laurence Mace, Christiane Mervaud, Michel Mervaud, Francois Moureau, Christophe Paillard, John Renwick, Maria Susana Seguin, Gerhardt Stenger, Marc Waddicor.

Published in 1987, the central question with which this book is concerned is what can, and should, teachers do about teacher-pupil conflict in schools? Few teachers in secondary education would need to have this sort of conflict described as even if that have been fortunate enough to avoid it themselves they will know of it from staffroom discussion and from the media. In can be seen in disorderly classrooms where pupils 'mess about' and 'have a laugh', and in the bleak expression on the face of their teacher. Equally it can be detected in those classrooms where the teacher is in firm control, but where pupils gaze listlessly out of the window, or only minimally comply with work demands. It is characterized by sudden blazing temper on both sides, and also by long periods of weariness, boredom and disengagement. It is not that conflict which might arise from temporary private troubles, from having a bad day or going through a bad patch, for it is there week in week out, and involves significant numbers. Such conflict has been of interest to both psychologists and sociologists of education and important contributions have been offered by both of these disciplines. Sociologists have mapped out the differing cultural values and norms which appear to promote it. They have identified the social constraints present within the environment in which it is produced, constraints which emanate from the socio-economic organization of society and from the maintenance of an institutional framework, and which affect the micro-dynamics of teacher-pupil interaction. Psychologists have described the effects on behaviour of genetic factors, environmental conditions and cognitive states. Important though such insights are, however, they can only speak indirectly to teacher practice. This book provides an educational approach to the subject discussing topics including theoretical considerations, teacher-pupil discussion and relationships between classroom behaviour and the curriculum. It will appeal to those involved with schools and education, as well as psychologists, educational sociologists and researchers.

Creations by today's top teddy bear makers are featured in this heartwarming collection of more than 100 lavish color photographs. Accompanying text by the former editor of Teddy Bear Review magazine introduces readers to the international spectrum of talented designers and makers behind the world's most lovable teddy bears. Mr. Cronk, a well-respected authority on teddy bears, has also written a compelling and comprehensive introduction that presents a brief history of this popular plaything and traces, for the first time in print, the development of the current trend for making and collecting Teddy bears.

When evolutionary biology stretched out a tentacle called sociobiology and began to probe human behavior back in the 1970s, there was no room for neutrality. Advocates of the new science hailed the dawn of a new era in our understanding of human behavior, while opponents wrung their hands with concern over the new field's potential to transform and

L'Essai sur les moeurs est une oeuvre complexe, aux contours mouvants. Comme le demontre l'ensemble de textes disparates reunis dans ce volume, Voltaire revient sans cesse a l'Essai, et l'evolution de l'oeuvre n'est aucunement lineaire. Une serie de complements a notre texte de base (l'edition dite 'encadree' de 1775) est donc presentee ici: trois textes parus dans l'edition encadree en guise de supplements; un premier Plan de l'oeuvre, qui date de 1745; des articles de journaux et des lettres qui s'inscrivent dans le cadre du debat autour de l'edition non autorisee de l'Abrege, parue en 1753; 'Le Chapitre des arts', projet d'une section de l'Essai restee a l'etat d'esquisse, dont la toute premiere edition critique est presentee ici; et des textes parus apres 1760 dans lesquels Voltaire repond a des critiques de l'oeuvre. Enfin, une description de l'index (par Simon Bigex) qui accompagne l'edition encadree de 1775; et les notes et remarques sur l'Essai redigees par Wagniere apres la mort de Voltaire completent ce recueil de textes annexes. Dans l'ensemble ces textes ajoutent a la toile de fond du developpement de l'Essai et de sa presentation. Ce volume se termine par une edition des Fragments sur l'histoire generale (1773) ou Voltaire privilegie les aspects de l'Essai qui s'etaient averes les plus controverses. Voltaire, combatif, rassure son public qu'il n'avait en rien renie les elements majeurs de sa philosophie de l'histoire.

How to Use SPSS (R) is designed with the novice computer user in mind and for people who have no previous experience using SPSS. Each chapter is divided into short sections that describe the statistic being used, important underlying assumptions, and how to interpret the results and express them in a research report. The book begins with the basics, such as starting SPSS, defining variables, and entering and saving data. It covers all major statistical techniques typically taught in beginning statistics classes, such as descriptive statistics, graphing data, prediction and association, parametric inferential statistics, nonparametric inferential statistics and statistics for test construction. More than 270 screenshots (including sample output) throughout the book show students exactly what to expect as they follow along using SPSS. The book includes a glossary of statistical terms and practice exercises. A complete set of online resources including video tutorials and output files for students, and PowerPoint slides and test bank questions for instructors, make How to Use SPSS (R) the definitive, field-tested resource for learning SPSS. New to this edition: Now in full color with additional screenshots Fully updated to the reflect SPSS version 26 (and prior versions) Changes in nonparametric tests Model View incorporated Data and real output are now available for all Phrasing Results sections - eliminating hypothetical output or hypothetical data

Dans ces derniers chapitres, Voltaire poursuit et conclut son panorama des forces motrices de l'histoire. La description des principaux pays dont il a fait l'examen dans les volumes precedents s'etend a present jusqu'a la moitie du dix-septieme siecle pour rejoindre le siecle de Louis XIV. Voltaire s'interesse a l'impact des evenements historiques sur le commerce et les arts. Il fait le point sur les progres accomplis a travers l'Europe et l'Asie en etalant un catalogue d'anecdotes extravagantes, et d'atrocites. Un debat avec les idees de Montesquieu, en particulier sur le despotisme, transparait dans certains chapitres. L'empire ottoman, la Perse, l'Inde sont presentes comme les defenseurs des droits de l'humanite et les promoteurs de la tolerance religieuse. L'importance de la civilisation europeenne est relativisee, et la Chine sert de point de comparaison pour se livrer a une critique des conditions de l'Europe. L'Essai sur les moeurs commencait et se terminera par une description de la Chine, ancienne et moderne, perspective hautement inhabituelle au dix-huitieme siecle. Dans son chapitre final, Voltaire invite le lecteur a reflechir sur le sens de la progression historique. L'annotation fournit les references detaillees des sources auxquelles Voltaire avait acces, et s'interesse a l'usage qu'il en a fait. L'ouvrage contient un index des noms propres ainsi qu'un index analytique.

En 1765, pour completer une nouvelle collection mise en oeuvre par le libraire-imprimeur Gabriel Cramer, Voltaire compose de nombreux courts textes sur des matieres qui sont au coeur de ses preoccupations: la politique, la philosophie, la religion, la litterature, l'histoire... Le present volume des OEuvres completes presente tous les textes dont ce troisieme tome des Nouveaux Melanges constitue l'edition princeps. Les rassembler de telle sorte permet de considerer pour la premiere fois les liens qui unissent cet ensemble. Collaborateurs: David Adams, Nicholas Cronk, Jean Dagen, Simon Davies, Diana Guiragossian-Carr, Basil Guy, Jacqueline Hellegouarc'h, Jacqueline Marchand, Haydn Mason, Helder Mendes Baiao, Myrtille Mericam-Bourdet, Michel Mervaud, Francois Moureau, Jean-Alexandre Perras, Gerhardt Stenger, David Williams.

Le Siecle de Louis XIV est une des etapes marquantes de la carriere de l'historien-philosophe Voltaire, et la premiere grande synthese consacree au regne de Louis XIV. Ce volume contient les chapitres 31 a 39 de cet ouvrage determinant. Voltaire y decrit des aspects de la vie culturelle pendant le regne de Louis XIV, y compris les sciences, la litterature, les beaux-arts et les controverses en matiere de religion. Le texte de Voltaire est enrichi de notes et de commentaires de l'editeur scientifique qui eclairent l'utilisation des sources et le contexte historiographique. Cette edition est accompagnee de seize illustrations, la plupart provenant des collections du chateau de Versailles, rarement montrees au public. Cette nouvelle edition critique du Siecle de Louis XIV est publiee en sept tomes (t.11A-13D des OEuvres completes de Voltaire) avec le soutien du Centre de recherche du chateau de Versailles.

How to Use SPSS (R) is designed with the novice computer user in mind and for people who have no previous experience using SPSS. Each chapter is divided into short sections that describe the statistic being used, important underlying assumptions, and how to interpret the results and express them in a research report. The book begins with the basics, such as starting SPSS, defining variables, and entering and saving data. It covers all major statistical techniques typically taught in beginning statistics classes, such as descriptive statistics, graphing data, prediction and association, parametric inferential statistics, nonparametric inferential statistics and statistics for test construction. More than 270 screenshots (including sample output) throughout the book show students exactly what to expect as they follow along using SPSS. The book includes a glossary of statistical terms and practice exercises. A complete set of online resources including video tutorials and output files for students, and PowerPoint slides and test bank questions for instructors, make How to Use SPSS (R) the definitive, field-tested resource for learning SPSS. New to this edition: Now in full color with additional screenshots Fully updated to the reflect SPSS version 26 (and prior versions) Changes in nonparametric tests Model View incorporated Data and real output are now available for all Phrasing Results sections - eliminating hypothetical output or hypothetical data

Can one change one's ethnicity? Can an entire ethnic group change its ethnicity? This book focuses on the strategic manipulation of ethnic identity by the Mukogodo of Kenya. Until the 1920s and 1930s, the Mukogodo were Cushitic-speaking foragers (hunters, gatherers, and beekeepers). However, changes brought on by British colonial policies led them