This 9th edition of the Studies in Language Policy in South Africa series follows on the 2012 MIDP Symposium, Multilingualism for empowerment, held on the QwaQwa campus of the University of the Free State on 11 12 September 2012. It includes the proceedings of a selection of papers, both from local and international scholars. The objective of the symposium was to draw together scholars from different fields and countries that work in the broad area of language in South Africa or study multilingual policies and practices that fit the conference theme in other regions or countries. The South African legislative framework for language provides for a mixed approach towards institutionalised multilingualism. It is becoming increasingly obvious that the required language legislation, policies and regulations are not efficiently implemented as English is fast becoming the de facto official and national language. Nevertheless, studies on language practices at grass-roots level in South Africa do point to empowering policy-making initiatives that take cognisance of societal multilingualism and that benefit citizens. It is the contention of the contributors to this book that from a language interventionist perspective these local solutions are often not taken into account when top-down policies are formulated and approaches to language regulation developed. It may be argued that a more coherent approach to institutionalised multilingualism will contribute to the empowerment of citizens at grass-roots level and to the broadening of democracy. This book presents important insights into language issues in education (both on school and tertiary level), service delivery, language ideology and politics, onomastics and legal aspects of language. Scholars in the field will find it useful and the insights offered stimulating.

Standard accounts of language policy and language planning tend to portray language users all too often as the 'passive receivers' of linguistic decisions taken at the higher levels of state organization. Conversely, those who are supposed to 'live' the language policies never really appear to submissively 'implement' them, but, appropriating them, steer them in novel, unforeseen directions through their everyday language practices and their discursive perceptions and interpretations of linguistic realities. It is these dialectic processes of interaction between what is designed from above and how it is responded to from below which give shape to societies' overall patterns of multilingualism. Multilingualism from below resulted from the Second International MIDP Symposium, "Multilingualism from below", held in Antwerp (Belgium) from 14 to 16 September 2009, and hosted jointly by the University of Antwerp, the University of the Free State (South Africa) and the University of Ghent (Belgium). The symposium comprised part of the MIDP colloquia series sponsored by the Province of Antwerp, and brought together several scholars from Africa, America and Europe, as well as from South Africa. The selected papers included in this, the eighth volume in the Van Schaik series, "Studies in language policy in South Africa", critically reflect on themes such as multilingualism and agency; multilingualism and language ideology construction; the management of multilingualism, etc. The diversity of the contributions to this volume underscores the fact that the construction of multilingualism is a complex process of dialectical exchange between top-down and bottom-up actors. Decision making and implementation by agents at grass roots level are affected by non-explicit language ideologies, impacting on the fluidity of both individual and societal multilingualism. In light of this, researchers need to adapt their research approach when investigating language practices on grass roots level. This includes a careful consideration of the concepts 'code switching' or 'code selection' from below. With Multilingualism from below, the editors hope to evoke further discussion on the themes covered in this volume, as well as the opinions expressed by its contributors. The book is particularly directed at readers interested in the intricate relations between language and society, but it can also be used effectively as an important reference work in courses in language policy and language planning with a South African, African, or global focus.

Whether the winds of globalisation, localisation and regionalisation of the last decades have led to more linguistic diversity or not, is a matter of on-going dispute - one reason being the changeable language-ideological ways in which language practice is categorised and essentialised into countable linguistic units. In contrast, it is less controversial that they have led to an increased visibility and diversity - in short, to a growing number (and a wider range) of meaning-ascribing discourses surrounding multilingualism. The papers included in this book aim to draw attention to the fact that such discourses do not invariably reflect on, or give rise to, realities of societal integration and emancipation. In practice, they often follow, and are followed by, the mechanisms and effects of exclusion at different levels of society. Multilingualism and Exclusion: Policy, Practice and Prospects resulted from the First International MIDP Symposium, "Multilingualism and Exclusion" - hosted jointly by the University of the Free , the University of Antwerp and the University of Ghent - which was held in Bloemfontein from 24 to 26 April 2006. The symposium comprised part of the MIDP colloquia series sponsored by the Province of Antwerp, and brought together several scholars from Africa, America and Europe, as well as from South Africa. The selected papers included in this, the sixth volume in the Van Schaik series, "Studies in Language Policy in South Africa", critically reflect on themes such as multilingualism as an obvious, simple and superior option in all cases; the individual language user's experience; the management of multilingualism, etc. The diversity of the contributions to this volume underscores the fact that exclusion in language, like any other type of exclusion, is based on difference. Not surprisingly, various "tools" have been mobilised to effectuate such exclusion, forced monolingualism being an obvious one. Far more intriguing, however, is one of the findings made in this book - namely, that inclusion through multilingualism does not offer a simple and straightforward way to proceed. With Multilingualism and Exclusion: Policy, Practice and Prospects , the editors hope to evoke further discussion on the themes covered in this volume, as well as the opinions expressed by its contributors. The book is particularly directed at readers interested in the intricate relations between language and society; but it can also be used effectively as an important reference work in courses in language policy and language planning with a South African or African focus.

This is a title for educationists, language planners and managers in education, researchers and students preparing for a career in education. Language in education policy is probably one of the most contested issues in multilingual countries. This is because education as such is considered an important mechanism for achieving social change, and language is often seen as a vital instrument in aiding the process of change. These are some of the problems that the (re-)construction of political entities such as the European Union, the Southern African Development Community and new states such as South Africa, the Balkan states, and others bring to the fore. How, then, do they deal with multilingualism in the face of the forces of social integration, particularly in the area of education?

This book comprises a distinguished collection of cutting-edge scientific contributions. Encompassing a wide range of subjects, it delves into machine learning, data mining, text analysis, data visualization, knowledge management, and more. The included articles are expanded versions of carefully selected top papers that were originally presented at the EGC’2020 conferences held in Paris (France, January 27-31, 2020).  It is intended for researchers interested in these fields, including PhD and MSc students, and researchers from public or private laboratories. These extended versions underwent an additional peer-review process, building upon the already accepted long-format papers from the conference. The selection of long and short papers for the conference itself followed a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, evaluating numerous submissions (with a long paper acceptance rate of approximately 25%). For more details about the EGC society, please consult egc.asso.fr."

Bertrand du Guesclin was one of the main architects of the recovery of France. From humble beginnings he rose to become one of the great heroic figures of French history. This is the first English translation of Cuvelier's epic poem about him. Bertrand du Guesclin is one of the great French heroes of the Hundred Years War, his story every bit as remarkable as Joan of Arc's. The son of a minor Breton noble, he rose in the 1360s and '70s to become the Constable of France- a supreme military position, outranking even the princes of the blood royal. Through campaigns ranging from Brittany to Castile he achieved not only fame as a pre-eminent leader of Charles V's armies, but a dukedom in Spain, burial among the kings of France in the royal basilica at Saint-Denis, and recognition as nothing less than the "Tenth Worthy", being ranked alongside the nine paragons of chivalry who included Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Charlemagne and King Arthur. His is a truly spectacular story. And the image of Bertrand, and many of the key events in his extraordinary life, are essentially derived from The Song of Bertrand du Guesclin, this epic poem by Cuvelier. Written in the verse-form and manner of a chanson de geste, it is the very last of the Old French epics and an outstanding example of the roman chevaleresque. It is a fascinating and major primary source forhistorians of chivalry and of a critical period in the Hundred Years War. This is its first translation into English. Cuvelier is a fine storyteller: his depictions of battle and siege are vivid and thrilling, offering invaluable insights into medieval warfare. And he is a compelling propagandist, seeking through his story of Bertrand to restore the prestige of French chivalry after the disastrous defeat at Poitiers and the chaos that followed, andseeking, too, to inspire devotion to the kingdom of France and to the fleur-de-lis. NIGEL BRYANT is well known for his lively and accurate versions of medieval French authors. His translations of Chretien de Troyes' Perceval and all its continuations and of the extraordinary late Arthurian romance Perceforest have been major achievements; he has also translated Jean le Bel's history of the early stages of the Hundred Years War, and the biography of William Marshal.

Bertrand du Guesclin was one of the main architects of the recovery of France. From humble beginnings he rose to become one of the great heroic figures of French history. This is the first English translation of Cuvelier's epic poem about him. Bertrand du Guesclin is one of the great French heroes of the Hundred Years War, his story every bit as remarkable as Joan of Arc's. The son of a minor Breton noble, he rose in the 1360s and '70s to become the Constable of France- a supreme military position, outranking even the princes of the blood royal. Through campaigns ranging from Brittany to Castile he achieved not only fame as a pre-eminent leader of Charles V's armies, but a dukedom in Spain, burial among the kings of France in the royal basilica at Saint-Denis, and recognition as nothing less than the "Tenth Worthy", being ranked alongside the nine paragons of chivalry who included Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Charlemagne and King Arthur. His is a truly spectacular story. And the image of Bertrand, and many of the key events in his extraordinary life, are essentially derived from The Song of Bertrand du Guesclin, this epic poem by Cuvelier. Written in the verse-form and manner of a chanson de geste, it is the very last of the Old French epics and an outstanding example of the roman chevaleresque. It is a fascinating and major primary source forhistorians of chivalry and of a critical period in the Hundred Years War. This is its first translation into English. Cuvelier is a fine storyteller: his depictions of battle and siege are vivid and thrilling, offering invaluable insights into medieval warfare. And he is a compelling propagandist, seeking through his story of Bertrand to restore the prestige of French chivalry after the disastrous defeat at Poitiers and the chaos that followed, andseeking, too, to inspire devotion to the kingdom of France and to the fleur-de-lis. NIGEL BRYANT is well known for his lively and accurate versions of medieval French authors. His translations of Chretien de Troyes' Perceval and all its continuations and of the extraordinary late Arthurian romance Perceforest have been major achievements; he has also translated Jean le Bel's history of the early stages of the Hundred Years War, and the biography of William Marshal.

Whether you've had a puppy before, it's been awhile, or you're totally new to having a furry friend, A Puppy's First Year will be your go-to guide that's fun to read, visually adorable, and full of must-have information. Providing easy step-by-step instructions on training methods and how to best care for a puppy, this is an enjoyable read with tons of helpful tips and charming drawings and photographs to prepare you and your new puppy for a wonderful first year together!

Sebastien Cuvelier's journey to Iran was inspired by a manuscript written on his late uncle's journey to Persepolis nearly 50 years ago. In Paradise City, photographs from Cuvelier's time in Iran are layered on top of his uncle's diary to create a conversation between the two travels. The book follows his search through both the contemporary and ancient landscapes of Iran to locate an elusive, dreamlike version of paradise. The Iran depicted in his uncle's writings and photographs - which later surfaced in a briefcase - was far removed from that which confronted Cuvelier. The revolution of 1979 irrevocably transformed the country into a state in which citizens' lives are restricted. The country's young and connected population has had to constantly adjust its way of living in order to circumvent the limitations imposed by the Government. As a result, the youth yearn to leave - they seek paradise, but are unsure where to look. Cuvelier attempts to reflect this pursuit of paradise in his photographs - metaphorical, fleeting and illusive - each image appears like a piece of an intangible jigsaw combining what once was or could be, with the present. The photographs depict views, gardens, people or buildings, often physically hidden or veiled by material, foliage, darkness, vantage point or shadow. They show glimpses of contemporary Iran through the eyes of Cuvelier and the people he met - at times romanticised, nostalgic or even utopian.