This book explores the historical roots of the current status of women in Malta, and through extensive examination of the intricate interconnectedness between history, culture, religion and the use of space in architecture (specifically the Maltese covered balcony), suggests the provenance dates back to era of the Knights of Malta who ruled between 1530 and 1798. Malta boasts hundreds of open-air stone balconies, a common architectural characteristic of Mediterranean subtropical climates, allowing air to circulate through the home during the hot summers. However, Malta also has many covered or boxed-balconies called Gallarija, especially in the capital city of Valletta where the Knights lived. They are a costly addition counterproductive to the balconies intended purpose. The first known Gallarija-type balcony sits on the Magistral Palace built by the Knights in 1675. The Knights of Malta, a group of ultra-religious celibate warriors from Western European aristocracy with a mission to prevent the Muslim expansion into Europe at any cost. With full support from the Pope, the Knights ruled Malta with an iron first for over 250 years and imposed their male dominated social and political ideology, completely devaluing womanly contribution to the social, economic and political development of Malta. The Knights were forbidden from any contact with women, a vow they were not willing to uphold, and thus the author argues that the Knights adopted the Gallarija to reinforce the self-imposed isolation and conceal their illicit sexual relations with Maltese women and prostitutes. The author presents historical evidence and accounts connecting the Maltese Gallarija to Moushrabiyya and similar covered balconies found throughout Muslim countries of North Africa and the Middle East. The Muslim counterparts were made of carved wood latticework initially designed to keep water cool and later to obscure segregated women within the home. The Knights consciously and intentionally modified the design by adding glass and shutters to completely isolate themselves from citizens, and most importantly to ensure their sins go unnoticed.

By the late 19th century and the early 20th century, there were at least nineteen large and small areas, streets or neighbourhoods that were declared or labelled slums in Toronto. By the 1960s, almost all the slums had been cleared and were replaced by institutional, governmental and residential modern buildings. However, the foot prints of these slums, their boundaries and characteristics of their residents had been lost. This book intends to trace the development of these slums and outline their lifecycles. Although the book deals with all major Toronto slums, the emphasis focuses on Regent Park, which replaced the largest Anglo-Saxon slum in North America named Cabbagetown. Regent Park was also the first large housing project that received the approval from Toronto electors, which partially replaced Cabbagetown. In order to comprehend why Toronto ratepayers approved the project, we are considering the movement to implement the project (that had been recommended by the Curtis Report) as a social movement for affordable housing and utilising the Resource Mobilization Approach (RMA) to analyse and evaluate the success and/or failure of the project. In this book, the authors want to challenge the widely held assumption that policy making in Canada was an elite process primarily involving Cabinet ministers and senior civil servants by bringing the citizens participation back in and highlighting their critical role in challenging the governments housing policy and the building of Regent Park. This book has two parts: the first part examines the fate of the slum dwellers. Now that slums are gone, what happened to the poor working classes that used to live in these slums? The second part argues that when all the slums in the old city dissolve and are replaced by luxury condominiums and expensive gentrified homes, where will the recent immigrants go for accommodation? The recent information indicates that the majority of the low-income immigrants are seeking accommodations in the high-rise apartments of St. James Town or in the inner suburb communities in Scarborough, North York and Etobicocke. As these high-rise apartment buildings (mainly built in the 1980s and 1990s) age and deteriorate while overcrowding continues, there is a possibility that what happened in the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century will be repeated, causing the development of new slums. This alone should draw the attention of the municipal government and is one of the goals of the authors of this book.