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During HaA-HaB, many settlements were established in Silesia and in
the central part of Poland, and their stability seems to be
confirmed by the existence of regional groups and subgroups, by
long-lasting colonies, and by long-used burial grounds, located at
large settlements. At the end of HaB, many pre-Scythian elements
occurred in this area, only partly influenced by the Cimmerians .
During that period the peoples living north of the Carpathian and
Sudeten Mountains remained very dependent on the productive and
cultural circle south of the Carpathians, with which they
maintained strong connections . The Lusatian settlement zone ,
apart from its increasing internal stability, also tended to extend
its range . A partition of the Lusatian Culture, which had appeared
earlier , became more pronounced under the strong influence of the
East Hallstatt cultural and productive center in the eastern Alpine
region , and the so-called amber route . The eastern zone of the
Lusatian Culture remained under the influence of the Carpathian
center, while the western zone was strongly influenced by the
pre-Celtic (Bylanska or Horakowska) and northern Illyrian (Calon
denberian) cultures. In HaD2' ca. 520-500 B.C., this latter area
was the site of an armed incursion of Scythian groups coming from
the east through the Karpacka Valley. The most characteristic
features of the western zone include its own varieties of more
general Hallstatt traits , such as fortified settlements (which
date from HaA in the Lusatian Culture) , production of iron (done
domestically since HaD), and decorated pottery.
This volume includes "The Influence of Nineteenth-Century
Anthologies of Celtic Music in Redefining Celtic Nationalism," by
Graham Aubrey; "Breuddwyd Rhonabwy and Memoria," by Matthieu Boyd;
"A Reactionary Dimension in Progressive Revolutionary Theories? The
Case of James Connolly's Socialism Founded on the Re-Conversion of
Ireland to the Celtic System of Common Ownership," by Olivier
Coquelin; "The Spiteful Tongue: Breton Song Practices and the Art
of the Insult," by Natalie A. Franz; "Celtic Democracy:
Appreciating the Role Played by Alliances and Elections in Celtic
Political Systems," by D. Blair Gibson; "Pendragon's Ancestors," by
Nathalie Ginoux; "When Historians Study Breton Oral Ballads: A
Cultural Approach," by Eva Guillorel; "Textual and Historical
Evidence for an Early British Tristan Tradition," by Sabine Heinz;
"Time and the Irish: An Analysis of the Temporal Frameworks
Employed by Sir Henry Maine, Eoin MacNeill, and James Connolly in
Their Writings on Early Modern Ireland," by Heather Laird; "'And
thus I will it': Queen Medh and the Will to Power," by Edyta
Lehmann; "Judas, His Sister, and the Miraculous Cock in the Middle
Irish Poem Crist ro crochadh," by Christopher Leydon; "Se principen
nominat: Rhetorical Self-Fashioning and Epistolary Style in the
Letters of Owain Gwynedd," by Patricia Malone; "Abduction,
Swordplay, Monsters, and Mistrust: Findabair, Gwenhwyfa, and the
Restoration of Honour," by Sharon Paice MacLeod; and "Performing a
Literary Paternity Test: Bonedd yr Arwyr and the Fourth Branch of
the Mabinogi," by Sarah Zeiser.
During HaA-HaB, many settlements were established in Silesia and in
the central part of Poland, and their stability seems to be
confirmed by the existence of regional groups and subgroups, by
long-lasting colonies, and by long-used burial grounds, located at
large settlements. At the end of HaB, many pre-Scythian elements
occurred in this area, only partly influenced by the Cimmerians .
During that period the peoples living north of the Carpathian and
Sudeten Mountains remained very dependent on the productive and
cultural circle south of the Carpathians, with which they
maintained strong connections . The Lusatian settlement zone ,
apart from its increasing internal stability, also tended to extend
its range . A partition of the Lusatian Culture, which had appeared
earlier , became more pronounced under the strong influence of the
East Hallstatt cultural and productive center in the eastern Alpine
region , and the so-called amber route . The eastern zone of the
Lusatian Culture remained under the influence of the Carpathian
center, while the western zone was strongly influenced by the
pre-Celtic (Bylanska or Horakowska) and northern Illyrian (Calon
denberian) cultures. In HaD2' ca. 520-500 B.C., this latter area
was the site of an armed incursion of Scythian groups coming from
the east through the Karpacka Valley. The most characteristic
features of the western zone include its own varieties of more
general Hallstatt traits , such as fortified settlements (which
date from HaA in the Lusatian Culture) , production of iron (done
domestically since HaD), and decorated pottery.
This book tracks the development of social complexity in Ireland
from the late prehistoric period on into the Middle Ages. Using a
range of methods and techniques, particularly data from settlement
patterns, Blair Gibson demonstrates how Ireland evolved from
constellations of chiefdoms into a political entity bearing the
characteristics of a rudimentary state. This book argues that early
medieval Ireland's highly complex political systems should be
viewed as amalgams of chiefdoms with democratic procedures for
choosing leaders rather than kingdoms. Gibson explores how these
chiefdom confederacies eventually transformed into recognizable
states over a period of 1,400 years.
In this collection, archaeologists, historians, geographers and
language specialists re-examine the structure and political
development of Celtic states scattered across present-day Europe.
The main theoretical focus is on whether and when state-level
complexity was attained in the different Celtic settlements. The
contributors also discuss and evaluate the various methods for
studying Celtic social systems: the historical textual studies, as
opposed to the analysis of the archaeological record, and the use
of regional comparisons. Interweaving archaeological and textual
evidence, the result is an interdisciplinary study of state
formation never before attempted on such a wide scale which
contributes to our understanding of social complexity in Celtic
Europe, and, more generally, to the processes underlying social
transformation.
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