th Thepapers appearing in this book were originally presented at the 8 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications. This symposium, whichi s an annual event for Virginia Tech and MPRG, was held June 10 12, 1998 ont he Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. The symposium brings together l eaders from industry and academia to discuss the exciting future of wireless and current research trends. The symposium has been an important part of MPRG's activities since the inception ofthe group in 1990. As can be seen fromt heT able of Contents, the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five of these correspond to s ymposium sessions and aredevoted to the following topics: Smart Antennas and Diversity, Propagation, InterferenceCancellation, Equalization, and Modulation, Coding and Networking. These session titles reflectcurrent research thrusts as the wireless community strives to enhance the capabilities of wirelesscommunications. This year an added feature oft he symposium was the inclusion of externally contributed poster papers. Ten ofthese poster papers are included in thisb ooka sthe sixth section. The first group of contributions, c onsisting of five papers, relateto smart antennas and diversity. The first paper, Effects of Directional Antennas with Realizable Beam Patterns on the Spaced Time Correlation, byT . B. Welch,M. J.

th The paperspresented in this book wereoriginally presented att he 10 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, whichw as held ont heVirginia Tech campus June 14 16,2000. Thisyear's Symposium was sponsored byVirginia Tech's M obile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech D ivision ofC ontin uing Education, andthe MPRG Industrial Affiliates Program. TheIE EE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia Tech Joint Student Chapter ofthe IEEE Communications andVehicular Technology Societies provided technical co sponsorship. Much oft he success ofo ur annual symposium,a s well as the success of MPRG's research and educationprogram, are directlydue to the support of our industrial affiliates. The support that is provided byt he industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve thew irelesscommunity through research, education, andoutreach activities. MP RG's industria l affiliates include the following organizations: AnalogD evices, Inc. , AnarenMicrowave, Inc. , theA rmyResearch Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth Cel lular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Da tum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITTIndustries, LGIC, Inc. , Lucent Technologies, Inc. , Motorola, Inc. , Nokia, Inc. , Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc. , Tektronix, Inc. , Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, andWavtrace, Inc. In 1999,t he Wireless Symposiumwas expanded to include atutorial course. This activity proved populara nd was continued in 2000.

th The papers appearing in this book were originally presented at the 9 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications. The Symposium on Wireless Communications, which is an annual event for Virginia Tech, was held on June 2-4, 1999. The 1999 symposium was co-sponsored by MPRG, the Division of Continuing Education, University International Programs, and the MPRG Industrial Affiliate Sponsors. Much of the success of our annual symposium, as well as the success of MPRG's research program, is due to the support of our industrial affiliates. Their support allows us to serve the wireless community through research, education and outreach programs. At the time of the 1999 symposium, the MPRG affiliates program included the following organizations: Army Research Office, AT&T Corporation, Bellsouth Cellular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Datum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hewlett-Packard Company, Honeywell, Inc. , Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITT Industries, Lucent Technologies, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Nokia, Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Radix Technologies, Inc. , Salient 3 Communications, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Tektronix, Inc. , Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, TRW, Inc. , and the Watkins-Johnson Company As can be seen from the Table of Contents, the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five of these correspond to symposium sessions, and cover the following topics: Propagation and Channel Modeling (4 papers), Antennas (6 papers), Multiuser Detection (3 papers), Radio Systems and Technology (4 papers), and Wireless Data (3 papers).

Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity present a broad range of topics in wireless communications. The majority of the chapters are relevant to creating higher capacity (spectrally efficient) systems with greater coverage. Topics include adaptive antenna array measurements and algorithm comparisons, Cellular Digital Packet Data deployment guidelines, speech coding techniques, wireless system design methodology, and propagation measurements in hostile or previously unexplored channels. Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity is organized into three sections. Section I covers novel wireless systems and hardware and focuses on adaptive arrays, wireless hardware methodology, and deployment guidelines for CDPD among other topics. Section II focuses on Code Division Multiple Access (CMDA) and DSP techniques, both of which are used to facilitate more efficient utilization of the spectrum under adverse channel conditions. This section includes techniques for mitigating interference and multipath. Section III deals with propagation and system design issues.Propagation measurements are presented and include results for the channel characteristics at the New York Mercantile Exchange with closely packed people and hostile electromagnetic interference, to measurements of concrete slabs. Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and Reliability presents a broad range of topics in wireless communications, including perspectives from both industry and academia. The book serves as a reflection of current research thrusts in wireless communications, an area which continues to grow at a rapid rate as the industry strives to provide a wider range of services with greater reliability and at lower cost. Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and Reliability is organized into four sections. Section I focuses on propagation and smart antennas with emphasis on measurements, modeling and simulation. Section 2 is devoted to the important subject of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems with coverage of bit error rate calculations, interference cancellation, frequency estimators and acquisition schemes. Section 3 covers networking and multiple-access issues such as mobility tracking, Markov analysis of random access protocols, and the design and development of a prototype system to access Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites.Section 4 presents software radio technologies, including wideband software-definable base station technology, space-borne processing technology for mobile communications systems, filter design, universal cordless telephone transceivers using DSP, a method for predicting nonlinearities for an RF power amplifier, MAP symbol detection of CPM bursts, and unification of MLSE receivers. Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and Reliability serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges presents a wide range of current research activities in wireless communications, reflecting the rapid growth and maturity of the wireless industry. Although overcoming the propagation characteristics of the wireless channel will remain the unique problem confronted by wireless system designers, a plethora of innovative techniques for equalization and interference rejection have emerged. New applications of wireless systems have also been proposed and implemented, ranging from high data rate paging to video transmission. Research in code division multiple access (CDMA) has begun to move from performance evaluation to system design. Research also continues on a broad range of simulation, coding and multiple access techniques. As the wireless community has expanded, there has been a need to draw upon expertise in seemingly disjoint disciplines such as semiconductor design and fabrication, and human factors.In this book, the large number of chapters with multiple authors and from multiple institutions is indicative of the collaborative nature of wireless research, necessitated by the increasing complexity and breadth of wireless systems. Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges is organized into five sections, each focusing on a distinct set of issues in wireless communications. It is an excellent reference and may be used as a text for advanced courses on wireless communications.

Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being called, has arrived. The hype is starting to fade, and the hard work of deploying new systems and services for personal communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled the wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion auction of 60 MHz of radio spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With the largest single sale of public property in the history of mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are being called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable wireless systems and sub scriber units for an industry that is adding subscribers at greater than 50% annual rate. This growth is commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world, and in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service providers may be competing for cellularfPCS customers within the next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual ity, service, and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use. Many of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this book."

The area of personal and wireless communications is a burgeoning field. Technology advances and new frequency allocations for personal communication services (PCS) are creating numerous business and technical opportunities. It is becoming clear that an essential requirement for exploiting opportunities is the ability to track the dramatic changes in wireless technology, which is a principal aim of this book. Wireless Personal Communications: Research Developments places particular emphasis on the areas of signal processing, propagation and spread-spectrum, and emerging communication systems. This book contains new results on adaptive antennas for capacity improvements in wireless communication systems, as well as state-of-the-art information on the latest technical developments. Also included are several chapters which discuss the impact of defense conversion on the wireless industry, and related competitive issues. The six parts of the book each focus on a distinct issue in wireless communications. Part I contains several tutorial chapters on key areas in wireless communications. The first chapter is on radio wave propagation for emerging wireless personal communication systems. Chapter two contains a comprehensive study of emerging DSP-based interference rejection techniques for single channel (antenna) systems. Chapter three deals with spread spectrum wireless communications, explaining the concept of spread spectrum, modeling techniques for spread spectrum, and current applications and research issues for spread spectrum systems. Part II focuses on digital signal processing and spread spectrum, two means of creating interference and multipath robust communications. Part III concerns propagation aspects of wireless communications. Part IV discusses the performance of emerging wireless systems. Part V describes the opportunities and pitfalls of defense conversion from the perspective of several U.S. defense firms that have successfully made the transition to commercial wireless. The final section discusses a number of competitive issues regarding personal communication services.

th The paperspresented in this book wereoriginally presented att he 10 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications, whichw as held ont heVirginia Tech campus June 14 16,2000. Thisyear's Symposium was sponsored byVirginia Tech's M obile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG), the Virginia Tech D ivision ofC ontin uing Education, andthe MPRG Industrial Affiliates Program. TheIE EE Virginia Mountain Section and the Virginia Tech Joint Student Chapter ofthe IEEE Communications andVehicular Technology Societies provided technical co sponsorship. Much oft he success ofo ur annual symposium,a s well as the success of MPRG's research and educationprogram, are directlydue to the support of our industrial affiliates. The support that is provided byt he industrial affiliates program allows MPRG to serve thew irelesscommunity through research, education, andoutreach activities. MP RG's industria l affiliates include the following organizations: AnalogD evices, Inc. , AnarenMicrowave, Inc. , theA rmyResearch Office, AT&T Corporation, BAE Systems, BellSouth Cel lular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Da tum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITTIndustries, LGIC, Inc. , Lucent Technologies, Inc. , Motorola, Inc. , Nokia, Inc. , Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Raytheon Systems Company, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Inc. , Tektronix, Inc. , Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, andWavtrace, Inc. In 1999,t he Wireless Symposiumwas expanded to include atutorial course. This activity proved populara nd was continued in 2000.

th The papers appearing in this book were originally presented at the 9 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications. The Symposium on Wireless Communications, which is an annual event for Virginia Tech, was held on June 2-4, 1999. The 1999 symposium was co-sponsored by MPRG, the Division of Continuing Education, University International Programs, and the MPRG Industrial Affiliate Sponsors. Much of the success of our annual symposium, as well as the success of MPRG's research program, is due to the support of our industrial affiliates. Their support allows us to serve the wireless community through research, education and outreach programs. At the time of the 1999 symposium, the MPRG affiliates program included the following organizations: Army Research Office, AT&T Corporation, Bellsouth Cellular Corporation, Comcast Cellular Communications, Inc. , Datum, Inc. , Ericsson, Inc. , Grayson Wireless, Hewlett-Packard Company, Honeywell, Inc. , Hughes Electronics Corporation, ITT Industries, Lucent Technologies, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Nokia, Nortel Networks, Qualcomm, Inc. , Radix Technologies, Inc. , Salient 3 Communications, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Southwestern Bell, Tantivy Communications, Tektronix, Inc. , Telcordia Technologies, Texas Instruments, TRW, Inc. , and the Watkins-Johnson Company As can be seen from the Table of Contents, the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five of these correspond to symposium sessions, and cover the following topics: Propagation and Channel Modeling (4 papers), Antennas (6 papers), Multiuser Detection (3 papers), Radio Systems and Technology (4 papers), and Wireless Data (3 papers).

th Thepapers appearing in this book were originally presented at the 8 Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications. This symposium, whichi s an annual event for Virginia Tech and MPRG, was held June 10 12, 1998 ont he Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. The symposium brings together l eaders from industry and academia to discuss the exciting future of wireless and current research trends. The symposium has been an important part of MPRG's activities since the inception ofthe group in 1990. As can be seen fromt heT able of Contents, the papers included in this book are divided into six sections. The first five of these correspond to s ymposium sessions and aredevoted to the following topics: Smart Antennas and Diversity, Propagation, InterferenceCancellation, Equalization, and Modulation, Coding and Networking. These session titles reflectcurrent research thrusts as the wireless community strives to enhance the capabilities of wirelesscommunications. This year an added feature oft he symposium was the inclusion of externally contributed poster papers. Ten ofthese poster papers are included in thisb ooka sthe sixth section. The first group of contributions, c onsisting of five papers, relateto smart antennas and diversity. The first paper, Effects of Directional Antennas with Realizable Beam Patterns on the Spaced Time Correlation, byT . B. Welch, M. J.

Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and Reliability presents a broad range of topics in wireless communications, including perspectives from both industry and academia. The book serves as a reflection of current research thrusts in wireless communications, an area which continues to grow at a rapid rate as the industry strives to provide a wider range of services with greater reliability and at lower cost. Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and Reliability is organized into four sections. Section I focuses on propagation and smart antennas with emphasis on measurements, modeling and simulation. Section 2 is devoted to the important subject of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems with coverage of bit error rate calculations, interference cancellation, frequency estimators and acquisition schemes. Section 3 covers networking and multiple-access issues such as mobility tracking, Markov analysis of random access protocols, and the design and development of a prototype system to access Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites. Section 4 presents software radio technologies, including wideband software-definable base station technology, space-borne processing technology for mobile communications systems, filter design, universal cordless telephone transceivers using DSP, a method for predicting nonlinearities for an RF power amplifier, MAP symbol detection of CPM bursts, and unification of MLSE receivers. Wireless Personal Communications: Improving Capacity, Services and Reliability serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity present a broad range of topics in wireless communications. The majority of the chapters are relevant to creating higher capacity (spectrally efficient) systems with greater coverage. Topics include adaptive antenna array measurements and algorithm comparisons, Cellular Digital Packet Data deployment guidelines, speech coding techniques, wireless system design methodology, and propagation measurements in hostile or previously unexplored channels. Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity is organized into three sections. Section I covers novel wireless systems and hardware and focuses on adaptive arrays, wireless hardware methodology, and deployment guidelines for CDPD among other topics. Section II focuses on Code Division Multiple Access (CMDA) and DSP techniques, both of which are used to facilitate more efficient utilization of the spectrum under adverse channel conditions. This section includes techniques for mitigating interference and multipath. Section III deals with propagation and system design issues. Propagation measurements are presented and include results for the channel characteristics at the New York Mercantile Exchange with closely packed people and hostile electromagnetic interference, to measurements of concrete slabs. Wireless Personal Communications: Advances in Coverage and Capacity serves as an excellent reference source and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being called, has arrived. The hype is starting to fade, and the hard work of deploying new systems and services for personal communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled the wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion auction of 60 MHz of radio spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With the largest single sale of public property in the history of mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are being called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable wireless systems and sub scriber units for an industry that is adding subscribers at greater than 50% annual rate. This growth is commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world, and in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service providers may be competing for cellularfPCS customers within the next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual ity, service, and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use. Many of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this book."

The area of personal and wireless communications is a burgeoning field. Technology advances and new frequency allocations for personal communication services (PCS) are creating numerous business and technical opportunities. It is becoming clear that an essential requirement for exploiting opportunities is the ability to track the dramatic changes in wireless technology, which is a principal aim of this book. Wireless Personal Communications: Research Developments places particular emphasis on the areas of signal processing, propagation and spread-spectrum, and emerging communication systems. This book contains new results on adaptive antennas for capacity improvements in wireless communication systems, as well as state-of-the-art information on the latest technical developments. Also included are several chapters which discuss the impact of defense conversion on the wireless industry, and related competitive issues. The six parts of the book each focus on a distinct issue in wireless communications. Part I contains several tutorial chapters on key areas in wireless communications. The first chapter is on radio wave propagation for emerging wireless personal communication systems. Chapter two contains a comprehensive study of emerging DSP-based interference rejection techniques for single channel (antenna) systems. Chapter three deals with spread spectrum wireless communications, explaining the concept of spread spectrum, modeling techniques for spread spectrum, and current applications and research issues for spread spectrum systems. Part II focuses on digital signal processing and spread spectrum, two means of creating interference and multipath robust communications. Part III concerns propagation aspects of wireless communications. Part IV discusses the performance of emerging wireless systems. Part V describes the opportunities and pitfalls of defense conversion from the perspective of several U.S. defense firms that have successfully made the transition to commercial wireless. The final section discusses a number of competitive issues regarding personal communication services.

"Well informed people know it is impossible to transmit the voice over wires, and that were it possible to do so, the thing would be ofno practical value. " from an editorial in the Boston Post -1865 Fortunately for the telecommunications industry, the unknown author of the above statement turned out to be very mistaken indeed. Even as he spoke, Alexander Graham Bell was achieving the impossible, with a host of competing inventors close behind. The communications revolution which ensued has changed the way in which we live and work, and the way in which we view the world around us. Wired telephone lines now encircle the globe, allowing instantaneous transmission of voice and data. Events from Times Square to Red Square are now as accessible as events on the local courthouse lawn. The advent of wireless communications has extended Bell's revolution to another domain. Personal communications promises voice, data and images which are accessible everywhere. Although predictions are dangerous, a look back over the last decade reveals spectacular growth. In the United States alone, there are now over 50 million cordless phones in use throughout the country -at least one cordless phone for every 3 households - and nearly 20 million pocket pagers. U. S. Cellular telephone service, launched commercially in 1984, has experienced 30-40% annual growth rates despite a sluggish economy.

Symbiotic associations are of great importance in agriculture and forestry, especially in plant nutrition and plant cultivation. This book provides an up-to-date and lucid introduction to the subject. The emphasis is on describing the variety of symbiotic relationships and their agricultural and environmental applications.

Ohne groBziigige und moderne Verkehrsanlagen sowie Speicherbauten zur Dek- kung des Wasserbedarfs und zum Hochwasserschutz ist im Zuge der wissen- schaftlich-technischen Revolution keine industrielle Weiterentwicklung mehr denkbar. Daher stehen aile Lander im StraBen-, Eisenbahn-, Kanal- und Tal- sperrenbau vor volkswirtschaftlich entscheidenden Aufgaben. Darin nimmt der Verkehrs- und Staudammbau eine vorrangige Stellung ein., Die uniibersehbaren Fortschritte der Ingenieurgeologie, der Bodenmechanik und des maschinellen Erdbaues geben dem Bauingenieur heute die Voraussetzungen, Dammbauten in kurzer Bauzeit zu verwirklichen, die noch vor wenigen Jahren unvorstellbar gewesen sind. Der neuzeitliche Dammbau erfordert daher eine kom- plexe Betrachtungsweise, urn die verschiedenartigen Einfliisse und Wechsel- wirkungen zwischen Verwendungszweck, Beanspruchung, Dammbaustoff, Kon- struktion und Bauausfiihrung zu erfassen. Dabei werden dem Bauingenieur stets neuartige technisch-wirtschaftliche Aufgaben gestellt. Diese stiirmische Entwick- lung des Dammbaues verlangt daher durch das standige Zusammenwirken vieler Wissenschaftsgebiete ein HochstmaB an Komplexitat. Daraus entsteht das dringende Bediirfnis nach einer geschlossenen Darstellung des Dammbaues, in der aile Wissensgebiete gebiihrend eingeordnet sind. Da seit vielen Jahren keine deutschsprachige Monographie auf diesem Spezial- gebiet ers hienen ist, unternehmen die Verfasse. r mit dem vorliegenden Buch den Versuch, die in unzahligen Einzelveroffentlichungen verstreuten Erkenntnisse zu sammeln und zeitgemaB darzustellen. Dabei werden sowohl die theoretischen Grundlagen als auch die praktischen Er- kenntnisse der Bauausfiihrung behandelt. Der komplexe Charakter des Dammbaues soli durch eine zusammengefaBte Wissensvermittlung iiber Dammbaustoffe, Entwurf und Konstruktion von Ver- kehrs- und Staudammen sowie Bauausfiihrung und Dberwachung der Damm- bauten stets in den Vordergrund gestellt werden.

Regardless of the outcome of the ongoing debate about the proposed Yucca Mountain geologic waste repository in Nevada, the storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF)-also referred to as "highlevel nuclear waste"-will continue to be needed and the issue will continue to be debated. The need for SNF storage, even after the first repository is opened, will continue for a few reasons. The Obama Administration terminated work on the only planned permanent geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, which was intended to provide a destination for most of the stored SNF. Also, the Yucca Mountain project was not funded by Congress in FY2011 and FY2012, and not included in the Administration's budget request for FY2013. Even if the planned repository had been completed, the quantity of SNF and other high-level waste in storage awaiting final disposal now exceeds the legal limit for the first repository under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA). The expected rate of shipment of SNF to the repository would require decades to remove existing SNF from interim storage. Accordingly, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and reactor operators are considering extended SNF storage lasting for more than 100 years. The debate about SNF typically involves where and how it is stored, as well as what strategies and institutions should govern SNF storage. The earthquake and tsunami in Japan, and resulting damage to the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, caused some in Congress and NRC to consider the adequacy of protective measures at U.S. reactors. The NRC Near-Term Task Force on the disaster concluded it has "not identified any issues that undermine our confidence in the continued safety and emergency planning of U.S. plants." Nonetheless, NRC has accepted a number of staff recommendations on near-term safety enhancement, including requirements affecting spent fuel storage and prevention and coping with station blackout. NRC is not requiring accelerated transfer of SNF from wet pools to dry casks, but the SNF storage data from the last several years indicate that accelerated transfer has already been occurring. This report focuses on the current situation with spent nuclear fuel storage in the United States. It does not address all of the issues associated with permanent disposal of SNF, but rather focuses on the SNF storage situation, primarily at current and former reactor facilities for the potentially foreseeable future.