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Bacterial plasmids originating in a wide range of genera are being
studied from a variety of perspectives in hundreds of laboratories
around the globe. These elements are well known for carrying
"special" genes that confer important survival properties,
frequently neces sary under atypical conditions. Classic examples
of plasmid-borne genes are those provid ing bacterial resistance to
toxic substances such as antibiotics, metal ions, and bacte
riophage. Often included are those determining bacteriocins, which
may give the bacterium an advantage in a highly competitive
environment. Genes offering metabolic alternatives to the cell
under nutritionally stressed conditions are also commonly found on
plasmids, as are determinants important to colonization and
pathogenesis. It is likely that in many, if not most, cases
plasmids and their passenger determinants represent DNA acquired
recently by their bacterial hosts, and it is the characteristic
mobility of these elements that enables their efficient
establishment in new bacterial cells by the process known as
conjugation. Whereas many plasmids are fully capable of promoting
their own conjugal transfer, others move only with help from
coresident elements. The ability of a plasmid to establish itself
in a variety of different species is com mon, and recent studies
have shown that transfer can in some cases occur from bacterial
cells to eukaryotes such as yeast."
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