This volume is the outcome of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Ethoexperimental Analysis of Behavior, which was held at II Ciocco in Tuscany, in July, 1988. This particular ASI had an interesting history. In 1980, a NATO ASI on the topic of the Biology of Aggression was held in Bonas, France. This meeting brought together a group of European and American researchers and students from diverse areas, including Psychology, Zoology, Genetics and the like, all of whom were involved or becoming involved in the study of aggression. The Bonas meeting outlined several emerging trends in aggression research, the most prominent of which was an increased emphasis on the behavioral aspects of aggression. This included studying a variety of aggressive behaviors rather than single measures; an interest in what might have been previously considered minutiae, such as the targets for bites or blows and the specifics of movement relationships in dyadic interactions; and a desire to relate the dependent variables of laboratory tests to the typical aggressive behaviors seen for related animals in their natural habitats. This increased attention to natural patterns of aggressive behavior was also very interesting in light of the many findings presented at the Bonas meeting which indicated particular involvement of a number of biological systems in aggression: These findings suggested that aggression constitutes an evolved neurobehavioral system (quite possibly more than one, in fact) representing the activities of a relatively specific biological substrate expressed through a patterned system of behaviors.

This volume is the outcome of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Ethoexperimental Analysis of Behavior, which was held at II Ciocco in Tuscany, in July, 1988. This particular ASI had an interesting history. In 1980, a NATO ASI on the topic of the Biology of Aggression was held in Bonas, France. This meeting brought together a group of European and American researchers and students from diverse areas, including Psychology, Zoology, Genetics and the like, all of whom were involved or becoming involved in the study of aggression. The Bonas meeting outlined several emerging trends in aggression research, the most prominent of which was an increased emphasis on the behavioral aspects of aggression. This included studying a variety of aggressive behaviors rather than single measures; an interest in what might have been previously considered minutiae, such as the targets for bites or blows and the specifics of movement relationships in dyadic interactions; and a desire to relate the dependent variables of laboratory tests to the typical aggressive behaviors seen for related animals in their natural habitats. This increased attention to natural patterns of aggressive behavior was also very interesting in light of the many findings presented at the Bonas meeting which indicated particular involvement of a number of biological systems in aggression: These findings suggested that aggression constitutes an evolved neurobehavioral system (quite possibly more than one, in fact) representing the activities of a relatively specific biological substrate expressed through a patterned system of behaviors.

This Handbook brings together and integrates comprehensively the core approaches to fear and anxiety. Its four sections: Animal models; neural systems; pharmacology; and clinical approaches, provide a range of perspectives that interact to produce new light on these important and sometimes dysfunctional emotions. Fear and anxiety are analyzed as patterns that have evolved on the basis of their adaptive functioning in response to threat. These patterns are stringently selected, providing a close fit with environmental situations and events; they are highly conservative across mammalian species, producing important similarities, along with some systematic differences, in their human expression in comparison to that of nonhuman mammals. These patterns are described, with attention to both adaptive and maladaptive components, and related to new understanding of neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and genetic mechanisms. Although chapters in the volume acknowledge important differences in views of fear and anxiety stemming from animal vs. human research, the emphasis of the volume is on a search for an integrated view that will facilitate the use of animal models of anxiety to predict drug response in people; on new technologies that will enable direct evaluation of biological mechanisms in anxiety disorders; and on strengthening the analysis of anxiety disorders as biological phenomena.
- Integrates animal and human research on fear and anxiety
- Presents emerging and developing fields of human anxiety research including imaging of anxiety disorders, the genetics of anxiety, the pharmacology of anxiolysis, recent developments in classification of anxiety disorders, linking these toanimal work
- Covers basic research on innate and conditioned responses to threat
- Presents work from the major laboratories, on fear learning and extinction
- Reviews research on an array of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems related to fear and anxiety
- Compares models, and neural systems for learned versus unlearned responses to threat
- Relates the findings to the study, diagnostics, and treatment of anxiety disorders, the major source of mental illness in modern society (26 % of Americans are affected by anxiety disorders!)