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least, the author wishes to thank his constantly helpful wife
Maggie and his secretary Pat Weimer; the former for her patience,
encouragement, and for acting as a sounding-board, and the latter
who toiled endlessly, cheerfully, and most competently on the
book's preparation. CONTENTS Preface / iii 1. INTRODUCTION / 1
Frequently Used Economic Studies / 2 Basic Economic Subjects / 3
Priorities / 3 Problems / 6 Appendixes / 6 References / 6 2.
EQUIPMENT COST ESTIMATING / 8 Manufacturers' Quotations / 8
Estimating Charts / 10 Size Factoring Exponents / 11 Inflation Cost
Indexes / 13 Installation Factor / 16 Module Factor / 18 Estimating
Accuracy / 19 Estimating Example / 19 References / 21 3. PLANT COST
ESTIMATES / 22 Accuracy and Costs of Estimates / 22 Cost Overruns /
25 Plant Cost Estimating Factors / 26 Equipment Installation / 28
Instrumentation / 30 v vi CONTENTS Piping / 30 Insulation / 30
Electrical / 30 Buildings / 32 Environmental Control / 32 Painting,
Fire Protection, Safety Miscellaneous / 32 Yard Improvements / 32
Utilities / 32 Land / 33 Construction and Engineering Expense,
Contractor's Fee, Contingency / 33 Total Multiplier / 34 Complete
Plant Estimating Charts / 34 Cost per Ton of Product / 35 Capital
Ratio (Turnover Ratio) / 35 Factoring Exponents / 37 Plant
Modifications / 38 Other Components of Total Capital Investment /
38 Off-Site Facilities / 38 Distribution Facilities / 39 Research
and Development, Engineering, Licensing / 40 Working Capital / 40
Potash is the term generally given to potassium chloride, but it is
also loosely applied to the various potassium compounds used in
agriculture: po tassium sulfate, potassium nitrate or double salts
of potassium and magne sium sulfate (generally langbeinite, K S0 *
2MgS0 ). Sometimes the var 2 4 4 ious compounds are differentiated
by the terms muriate of potash, sulfate of potash, etc. When
referring to ores, or in geology, all of the naturally found
potassium salts are called "potash ores". However, originally
potash referred only to crude potassium carbonate, since its sole
source was the leaching of wood ashes in large pots. This "pot ash"
product was generally recovered from near-seacoast plants, such as
the saltwort bush, whose ashes were richer in potassium than sodium
carbonate. Inland plant's ashes were generally higher in sodium
carbonate, giving rise to the word alkali from the Arabic word for
soda ash, al kali. The term was then carried over after potassium
was discovered to form the latin word for it, kalium. The recovery
of potash from ashes became a thriving small cottage industry
throughout the world's coastal areas, and developing economies,
such as the early set tlers in the United States were able to
generate some much-needed income from its recovery and sale. This
industry rapidly phased out with the advent of the LeBanc process
for producing soda ash in 1792, and the discovery about the same
time of the massive sodium-potassium nitrate deposits in the
Atacama Desert of Chile.
Potash is the term generally given to potassium chloride, but it is
also loosely applied to the various potassium compounds used in
agriculture: po tassium sulfate, potassium nitrate or double salts
of potassium and magne sium sulfate (generally langbeinite, K S0 *
2MgS0 ). Sometimes the var 2 4 4 ious compounds are differentiated
by the terms muriate of potash, sulfate of potash, etc. When
referring to ores, or in geology, all of the naturally found
potassium salts are called "potash ores". However, originally
potash referred only to crude potassium carbonate, since its sole
source was the leaching of wood ashes in large pots. This "pot ash"
product was generally recovered from near-seacoast plants, such as
the saltwort bush, whose ashes were richer in potassium than sodium
carbonate. Inland plant's ashes were generally higher in sodium
carbonate, giving rise to the word alkali from the Arabic word for
soda ash, al kali. The term was then carried over after potassium
was discovered to form the latin word for it, kalium. The recovery
of potash from ashes became a thriving small cottage industry
throughout the world's coastal areas, and developing economies,
such as the early set tlers in the United States were able to
generate some much-needed income from its recovery and sale. This
industry rapidly phased out with the advent of the LeBanc process
for producing soda ash in 1792, and the discovery about the same
time of the massive sodium-potassium nitrate deposits in the
Atacama Desert of Chile.
Known as one of the world's major industrial chemicals natural soda
ash plays a critical role in glass and ceramics industries,
production of chemicals, cleansing and bleaching, and metallurgy.
Natural soda ash is also preferable to synthetic types because its
production is purer and requires less energy with virtually no
harmful environmental effects. Essential data on the properties,
sources, processing requirements, and applications of natural soda
ash fill this guide, making it valuable to both manufacturers and
users. The formation, occurrence and history of natural soda ash
deposits are covered along with specific chemical, physical and
mineralogical characteristics. Explanations of processing
techniques demonstrate how to convert soda ash into commercial
products. Included are new methods and technologies for large-scale
soda ash production, safe handling procedures and marketing
strategies.
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