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Physical Ultrasonics of Composites is a rigorous introduction to
the characterization of composite materials by means of ultrasonic
waves. Composites are treated here not simply as uniform media, but
as inhomogeneous layered anisotropic media with internal structure
characteristic of composite laminates. The objective here is to
concentrate on exposing the singular behavior of ultrasonic waves
as they interact with layered, anisotropic materials, materials
which incorporate those structural elements typical of composite
laminates.
This book provides a synergistic description of both modeling and
experimental methods in addressing wave propagation phenomena and
composite property measurements. After a brief review of basic
composite mechanics, a thorough treatment of ultrasonics in
anisotropic media is presented, along with composite
characterization methods. The interaction of ultrasonic waves at
interfaces of anisotropic materials is discussed, as are guided
waves in composite plates and rods. Waves in layered media are
developed from the standpoint of the "Stiffness Matrix," a major
advance over the conventional, potentially unstable Transfer Matrix
approach. Laminated plates are treated both with the stiffness
matrix and using Floquet analysis. The important influence on the
received electronic signals in ultrasonic materials
characterization from transducer geometry and placement are
carefully exposed in a dedicated chapter. Ultrasonic wave
interactions are especially susceptible to such influences because
ultrasonic transducers are seldom more than a dozen or so
wavelengths in diameter. The book ends with a chapter devoted to
the emerging field of air-coupled ultrasonics. This new technology
has come of age with the development of purpose-built transducers
and electronics and is finding ever wider applications,
particularly in the characterization of composite laminates.
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