The concept of state sovereignty is increasingly challenged by a proliferation of international economic instruments and major international economic institutions. States from both the south and north are re-examining and debating the extent to which they should cede control over their economic and social policies to achieve global economic efficiency in an interdependent world. International lawyers are seriously rethinking the subject of state sovereignty, in relation to the operation of the main international economic institutions, namely the WTO, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The contributions in this volume, bringing together leading scholars from the developed and developing worlds, take up the challenge of debating the meaning of sovereignty and the impact of international economic law on state sovereignty. The first part looks at the issues from the perspectives of general international law, international economic law and legal theory. Part two discusses the impact of trade liberalisation on the sovereignty of both industrialised and developing states and Part three concentrates on the challenge to state sovereignty created by the proliferation of investment treaties and the significant recent growth of investment treaty based arbitration cases. Part four focuses on the domestic and international effects of international financial intermediaries and markets. Part five explores the tensions and intersections between the international regulation of trade and investment, international human rights and state sovereignty

This enlightening volume provides an invaluable guide for those perplexed by the seemingly intractable problems of financial crises, sovereign distress, and government guarantees. Contributors include an all-star cast of leading figures in the field. Highly recommended' - Geoffrey Miller, New York University, US'The history of the 2007-09 and possibly beyond near-global financial crisis needs to be examined carefully in order to identify and understand the causes, the transmission across countries, the harm to macroeconomies, the public policies adopted, the effectiveness of such policies, and the lessons to be learned to prevent or at least mitigate future such crises. This volume contributes to this task. It brings together under one cover the analyses of the various aspects of the crisis by experts in each area. It should be priority reading for serious students of the crisis.' - George G. Kaufman, Loyola University Chicago, US 'The combination of the skills of the lawyer and of the economist has proved increasingly fruitful, developing both understanding and policy in many areas of life, such as accident prevention, crime prevention, and healthcare. This book follows the precedent of these areas and assembles a group of lawyers and economists who by their contributions, consider how best to deal with financial crises, and how to make their future occurrence less likely. It is both intellectually stimulating and practically important. The authors and editors are to be congratulated.' - Geoffrey Wood, Cass Business School and University of Buckingham, UK Financial Crisis Containment and Government Guarantees analyzes the international community's commitment to forging enhanced, well thought-out, mechanisms for containing systemic risks in the context of a highly interconnected global financial framework which incorporates ongoing financial innovation. While use of government guarantees is a central theme, the book also analyses the roles played by prudential regulators, central banks, deposit insurers and treasuries in dealing with the crisis. The book examines how governments, central banks, regulators and deposit insurance agencies have worked together to contain the global financial crisis. Additionally, it focuses on efforts to overcome ongoing obstacles, as well as the most important proposals to improve safety nets, both at the national level and internationally. This concise and detailed book will strongly appeal to students in law, economics and finance, law practitioners, policymakers in central banks and ministries of finance, as well as deposit protection agencies and regulatory agencies. Contributors: L.C. Buchheit, G. Calice, J. Chen, C.M. Cumming, C. Enoch, A. Estrella, M. Faure, G.G. Garcia, C.A.E. Goodhart, G. Grande, M. Gulati, M. Gudmundsson, K. Heine, E. Hupkes, J.R. LaBrosse, R.M. Lastra, A. Levy, J. Manns, D.G. Mayes, J.F. McCollum, M.J. Nieto, J.J. Norton, R. Olivares-Caminal, F. Panetta, C. Pleister, S. Schich, D. Singh, J. Williams, A.E. Wilmarth, Jr., A. Zaghini

Dalvinder Singh provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the legal aspects of prudential supervision. This gives the reader a broader understanding of the core processes of banking supervision. By using the UK as a case study, a comparison is made with the US to illustrate the different ways of approaching the issues. The author examines the legal as well as the theoretical, economic, political and policy issues that underpin the purpose of prudential supervision, such as corporate governance, enforcement sanctions, the role of external auditors and accountability of financial regulators. These are considered in the context of broad-policy considerations which render prudential supervision necessary, namely financial stability and depositor protection. The book will be of interest to academics, policymakers, regulators and practitioners, and equally will serve specialist undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in law, management and economics which focus on financial regulation.

Managing Risk in the Financial System makes important and timely contributions to our knowledge and understanding of banking law, financial institution restructuring and related considerations, through the production of an innovative, international and interdisciplinary set of contributions which link law and policy issues surrounding systemic risk and crisis management. The recent financial crisis has exposed both the banking industry and financial system safety net players in many countries to a considerable level of distress as well as economic and reputational damage. These circumstances have heightened the need for policy makers to consider remedial measures under a broad umbrella that encompass inter alia prompt corrective actions, early closure of distressed entities, deposit insurance, bail-outs, state-aid, bank resolution and restructuring techniques. These essays provide an important contribution to research in this area, at a crucial time in the debate around the future financial industry. This unique and detailed volume should be of considerable interest to students of law, economics and finance, law practitioners and policy makers in central banks and ministries of finance. Law, business and finance faculties will benefit from having this book in their collections, as will deposit protection agencies and regulatory agencies. Contributors include: J.-H. Binder, R.R. Bliss, L.C. Buchheit, C. Enoch, G.G.H. Garcia, D.F. Gray, M. Gulati, G. Gunnarsson, K. Hj Arshad, A.A. Jobst, A. Kabiri, G.G. Kaufman, I. Kokkoris, J.R. LaBrosse, R.M. Lastra, D. Mayes, J.F. McCollum, J.F. McEldowney, I. Moosa, M.J. Nieto, G. Ogunleye, K. Papadakis, R. Olivares-Caminal, Y. Redjah, R. Rosen, J. Roy, J.P. Sabourin, S. Schich, J. Selody, A. Sighvatsson, D. Singh, J. Snape, R. Turk-Ariss, G.A. Walker, L.D. Wall, A.E. Wilmarth Jr., G. Wood

This new work provides timely analysis of the cross-border exercise of banking activity in the EU and its supervision, from the perspective of the 'home-host rule'. It examines the current system and the efficacy of recent reforms considering whether the centralisation of decision making and a more effective mutualisation of financing tools could improve the safety and soundness of the EU banking system and reduce the asymmetry of information between home and host authorities. The EU banking market is very integrated since banking institutions based in the Union are free to perform their activities within the single market. This has allowed EU banking institutions to significantly increase their cross border operations. This way of working is based on the home country control principle according to which EU institutions performing cross border activities continue to be supervised by their home country supervisor. However, this system has raised challenges for effectively performing supervision, resolution and crisis management of banking groups operating across the borders of many different jurisdictions. This book analyses how far recent reforms under the banking union regime have addressed these issues to ensure the integrity and stability of the European integration project. It utilises data to illustrate the cross border exposures between member states and how they influence home and host decision making. But it equally explores those areas that still remain within the national discretion such as non-performing loans, insolvency-liquidation of banks and deposit protection arrangements, to mention a few. The book analyses the main pillars of the banking union: the single supervisory mechanism (SSM); and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) and the proposed European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS); and the related tools designed to provide crisis management under the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). As such the work considers the impact of the Single Rulebook. In considering these pieces of regulation and mechanisms the book analyses how international standards and EU requirements undertake to divide responsibilities between the home and host state and the extent to which they align interests between the home and host and minimise potential conflicts of interests. In this analysis examples from a set of EU cross-border banks are used to illustrate the workings of home and host relationship between Member States and Third Countries, and the benefits of participating in centralisation of decision making and mutualisation of financing in resolution and depositor protection. This work provides a valuable resource for academics researching on central banking union and regulation, and helps legal practitioners to address questions of supervision, resolution and insolvency with a cross-border element.

The new third edition of Debt Restructuring offers detailed legal analysis of international corporate, banking, and sovereign debt restructuring, from the perspective of creditors and debtors. It provides practical guidance to help practitioners, policy-makers, and academics in the UK and US to understand current developments in debt restructuring, and provides solutions for creditors holding distressed debt and debtor options in a distressed scenario. The Corporate Debt section includes significant changes to highlight the impact of COVID-19 on restructurings, including: potential grounds for investors/lenders to modify or terminate commitments to fund or support restructurings by invoking material adverse effect or force majeure clauses; unprecedented relief granted by insolvency courts to aid ailing retailers; and challenges facing insolvency courts in making necessary confirmation findings regarding the feasibility of reorganization plans due to market instability. This section also includes the recent adoption of the Part 26A Restructuring Plans and the EU Restructuring Directive. Amendments to the Bank Resolution section reflect decisions by the Single Resolution Board, and national authority resolution decisions notified to the European Banking Authority. A new sub-section on domestic bank insolvency and liquidation covers the developments under the Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive, and a new chapter on insolvency law relating to Insurance Firms addresses the international debate on a special resolution regime for insurance firms. Other updates include the 2017 code of practice, the 'third country' branch model after Brexit, non-equivalence regarding depositor protection arrangements, and the Resolvability Assessment Framework. In the Sovereign Debt section, there is detailed coverage of US and UK developments, examining the increased role of sanctions and the possibility of piercing the corporate veil in SoEs (Chrystallex), as well as the increased push for domestic laws to be used to curtail litigation. It also covers developments in re-designation and the emergence of the 'pac-man technique' in the context of collective action clauses, as a result of the recent restructurings of Argentina and Ecuador. The impact of COVID-19 on the adoption of the Debt Service Suspension Initiative and the Common Framework are also analysed.

Data mining is the process of automatically extracting new and useful knowledge hidden in large datasets. This book focuses on the enhancement of following three data mining techniques for achieving the better mining results: Association Rule Mining (ARM), Clustering Classification In Association Rule Mining (ARM), two algorithms known as Apriori algorithm and FP-Growth algorithm have been enhanced for better mining results. An efficient partitional clustering algorithm utilizing the well-known technique, k-means clustering is proposed in this book to tackle the problem of empty clusters. Classification operation usually uses supervised learning methods that induce a classification model from a database. The k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) is one of the simplest classification methods used in data mining and machine learning. in this book, the proposed algorithm improved the performance of conventional k-NN algorithm by identifying the optimal value of k."