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When we think of the Internet, we generally think of Amazon,
Google, Hotmail, Napster, MySpace, and other sites for buying
products, searching for information, downloading entertainment,
chatting with friends, or posting photographs. In the academic
literature about the Internet, however, these uses are rarely
covered. The Internet and American Business fills this gap, picking
up where most scholarly histories of the Internet leave off--with
the commercialization of the Internet established and its effect on
traditional business a fact of life. These essays, describing
challenges successfully met by some companies and failures to adapt
by others, are a first attempt to understand a dynamic and exciting
period of American business history. Tracing the impact of the
commercialized Internet since 1995 on American business and
society, the book describes new business models, new companies and
adjustments by established companies, the rise of e-commerce, and
community building; it considers dot-com busts and difficulties
encountered by traditional industries; and it discusses such newly
created problems as copyright violations associated with music
file-sharing and the proliferation of Internet pornography.
ContributorsAtsushi Akera, William Aspray, Randal A. Beam, Martin
Campbell-Kelly, Paul E. Ceruzzi, James W. Cortada, Wolfgang Coy,
Blaise Cronin, Nathan Ensmenger, Daniel D. Garcia-Swartz, Brent
Goldfarb, Shane Greenstein, Thomas Haigh, Ward Hanson, David
Kirsch, Christine Ogan, Jeffrey R. Yost William Aspray is Rudy
Professor of Informatics at Indiana University in Bloomington. He
is the editor (with J. McGrath Cohoon) of Women and Information
Technology: Research on Underrepresentation (MIT Press, 2006 Paul
E. Ceruzzi is Curator of the National Air and Space Museum,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. He is the author of A
History of Modern Computing (second edition, MIT Press, 2003) and
Internet Alley: High Technology in Tysons Corner, 1945-2005 (MIT
Press, 2008)
This compact history traces the computer industry from its origins
in 1950s mainframes, through the establishment of standards
beginning in 1965 and the introduction of personal computing in the
1980s. It concludes with the Internet's explosive growth since
1995. Across these four periods, Martin Campbell-Kelly and Daniel
Garcia-Swartz describe the steady trend toward miniaturization and
explain its consequences for the bundles of interacting components
that make up a computer system. With miniaturization, the price of
computation fell and entry into the industry became less costly.
Companies supplying different components learned to cooperate even
as they competed with other businesses for market share.
Simultaneously with miniaturization-and equally consequential-the
core of the computer industry shifted from hardware to software and
services. Companies that failed to adapt to this trend were left
behind. Governments did not turn a blind eye to the activities of
entrepreneurs. The U.S. government was the major customer for
computers in the early years. Several European governments
subsidized private corporations, and Japan fostered R&D in
private firms while protecting its domestic market from foreign
competition. From Mainframes to Smartphones is international in
scope and broad in its purview of this revolutionary industry.
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