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Bluetongue may be described as an acute insect borne disease of
ruminants, manifested clinically in sheep by a catarrhal
inflammation of the mucous mem branes of the digestive and
respiratory systems and associated with degenerative changes in the
skeletal musculature. The profound emaciation and weakness which
follow the acute disease are responsible for a protracted
convalescence and for serious economic losses due to diminished
productivity. II. Historical During the early colonisation of
Africa, susceptible Merino and other European breeds of sheep were
introduced into the Cape, at first by the Dutch East India Company
between 1652 and 1785 and again later in 1870. A report of the
Cattle and Sheep Diseases Commission (1876) records the appearance
of a serious febrile disease amongst these imported sheep in which
both morbidity and mortality was high (cited by HENNING, 1949).
HuTCHEON (1881) gave this disease the name of "Fever" or "Epizootic
Catarrh," in order to distinguish it from other clinical conditions
of a similar nature encountered amongst sheep. In the first com
prehensive description of this clinical syndrome and its
epizootiology HuTCHEON (1902) referred to it as "Malarial Catarrhal
Fever of Sheep," a designation which was obviously influenced by
the mistaken belief that an intracorpuscular parasite was the
primary cause of the disease. More systematic studies were
conducted by SPREULL (1902; 1905), who endeavoured to immunize
sheep by the simultaneous inoculation of immune serum and infective
blood."
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