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Given the enormous challenges they face, why do so many citizens in
developing countries routinely turn out to vote? This Element
explores a new explanation grounded in the social origins of
electoral participation in emerging democracies, where mobilization
requires local collective action. This Element argues that, beyond
incentives to express ethnic identity and vote-buying, perceptions
of social sanctioning from community-based formal and informal
actors galvanize many to vote who might otherwise stay home.
Sanctioning is reinforced by the ability to monitor individual
turnout given the open layout and centralized locations of polling
stations and the use of electoral ink that identifies voters. This
argument is tested using original survey and qualitative data from
Africa and Afghanistan, contributing important insights on the
nature of campaigns and elections in the promotion of
state-building and service delivery, and the critical role voters
play reducing fears of global democratic backsliding.
What are the social and political consequences of poor state
governance and low state legitimacy? Under what conditions does
lynching - lethal, extralegal group violence to punish offenses to
the community - become an acceptable practice? We argue lynching
emerges when neither the state nor its challengers have a monopoly
over legitimate authority. When authority is contested or
ambiguous, mass punishment for transgressions can emerge that is
public, brutal, and requires broad participation. Using new
cross-national data, we demonstrate lynching is a persistent
problem in dozens of countries over the last four decades. Drawing
on original survey and interview data from Haiti and South Africa,
we show how lynching emerges and becomes accepted. Specifically,
support for lynching most likely occurs in one of three conditions:
when states fail to provide governance, when non-state actors
provide social services, or when neighbors must rely on self-help.
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