Melatonin was discovered in 1958 and has been the object of study from many points of view, including its synthesis, features, functions, and mechanisms of action in plants and animals. At present, there has been a tremendous amount of knowledge about this molecule. Initially considered a simple pineal neurohormone responsible for the regulation of the circadian rhythms of reproduction, it is now considered an outstanding molecule with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuromodulatory and cytoprotective properties. This book reviews the presence, mechanisms of action, and regulation of melatonin in plants, vertebrates, and mammals including humans. Clinical aspects of melatonin in human pathology are also covered. Among them, melatonin may be useful in the integrative aspects of cancer therapy either as a unique agent or in combination with other standard therapies. Administration of melatonin did not only show a promising role on the inhibition of numerous cancer pathways by its oncostatic properties, but also improved the quality of life and functional status in patients suffering from aggressive cancers, such as breast, prostate, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancer. The book also collects evidence from many research laboratories with special emphasis on the clinical aspects and potential uses of melatonin in several diseases. In light of the new findings, the information provided in this book has huge importance for considering melatonin in clinical practice for a wide range of diseases, and also for the development of new selective agonists of receptors and intracellular targets of melatonin.

Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) is the result of a single nucleotide change (GAG GTG) in the beta-globin gene, where valine replaces glutamic acid at the sixth amino acid position in the beta-globin chain. Sickle cell disease is a growing global health problem. The World Health Organization has estimated that 7% of the world population has the mutation and 300,000400,000 affected children are born every year. The disease progresses towards a severe chronic hemolytic anemia, and it shows a heterogeneous clinical course, related with different genetic factors. Despite the fact that all subjects with sickle cell disease (SCD) have the same single base pair mutation in the DNA, we further confirmed here that the severity of the clinical and hematological manifestations is extremely variable. Increasing evidence has indicated a role of oxidative stress in the vascular pathophysiology of SCD. The vascular endothelium is central to disease pathogenesis because it displays adhesion molecules for blood cells, balances procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of the vessel wall and regulates vascular homeostasis by synthesizing vasoconstricting and vasodilating substances.In addition, recent studies support the existence of a hyperoxidative status in SCD patients that may account, at least in part, for the clinical manifestations of these patients. Moreover, SCD patients with mild clinical outcomes were associated with low oxidative status, whereas high oxidative stress was related to severe phenotypes. Thus, the use of oxidative stress biomarkers may be important in the evaluation of the clinical condition of SCD patients, whereas the use of therapies to improve their redox status and increase NO bioavailability would be beneficial to reduce the severity of sickle disease. The global burden of SCD is now significantly increased and, thus, it is currently a public health problem around the world. This disease has passed from being a problem of the developing countries to affect many people in developed countries. This book summarizes the current epidemiology status and the latest discoveries in the pathophysiology of SCD, and the potential therapies that may improve the clinical course of this disease.