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Illiberal Democracy in Indonesia charts the origins and development
of organicist ideologies in Indonesia from the early 20th century
to the present. In doing so, it provides a background to the
theories and ideology that informed organicist thought, traces key
themes in Indonesian history, examines the Soeharto regime and his
'New Order' in detail, and looks at contemporary Indonesia to
question the possibility of past ideologies making a resurgence in
the country. Beginning with an exploration of the origins of the
theory of the organic state in Europe, this book explores how this
influenced many young Indonesian scholars and 'secular'
nationalists. It also looks in detail at the case of Japan, and
identifies the parallels between the process by which Japanese and
Indonesian nationalist scholars drew on European romantic
organicist ideas to forge 'anti-Western' national identities and
ideologies. The book then turns to Indonesia's tumultuous history
from the revolution to 1965, the rise of Soeharto, and how his
regime used organicist ideology, together with law and terror, to
shape the political landscape consolidate control. In turn, it
shows how the social and economic changes wrought by the
government's policies, such as the rise of a cosmopolitan middle
class and a rapidly growing urban proletariat led to the failure of
the corporatist political infrastructure and the eventual collapse
of the New Order in 1998. Finally, the epilogue surveys the post
Soeharto years to 2014, and how growing disquiet about the
inability of the government to contain religious intolerance,
violence and corruption, has led to an increased readiness to
re-embrace not only more authoritarian styles of rule but also
ideological formulas from the past. This book will be welcomed by
students and scholars of Southeast Asia, politics and political
theory, as well as by those interested in authoritarian regimes,
democracy and human rights.
Using an exhaustive selection of primary sources, this book presents a rich and textured picture of Indonesian politics and society from 1965 to the dramatic changes which have taken place in recent years. Providing a complete portrait of the Indonesian political landscape, this authoritative reader is an essential resource in understanding the history and contradictions of the New Order, current social and political conditions and the road ahead.
Illiberal Democracy in Indonesia charts the origins and development
of organicist ideologies in Indonesia from the early 20th century
to the present. In doing so, it provides a background to the
theories and ideology that informed organicist thought, traces key
themes in Indonesian history, examines the Soeharto regime and his
'New Order' in detail, and looks at contemporary Indonesia to
question the possibility of past ideologies making a resurgence in
the country. Beginning with an exploration of the origins of the
theory of the organic state in Europe, this book explores how this
influenced many young Indonesian scholars and 'secular'
nationalists. It also looks in detail at the case of Japan, and
identifies the parallels between the process by which Japanese and
Indonesian nationalist scholars drew on European romantic
organicist ideas to forge 'anti-Western' national identities and
ideologies. The book then turns to Indonesia's tumultuous history
from the revolution to 1965, the rise of Soeharto, and how his
regime used organicist ideology, together with law and terror, to
shape the political landscape consolidate control. In turn, it
shows how the social and economic changes wrought by the
government's policies, such as the rise of a cosmopolitan middle
class and a rapidly growing urban proletariat led to the failure of
the corporatist political infrastructure and the eventual collapse
of the New Order in 1998. Finally, the epilogue surveys the post
Soeharto years to 2014, and how growing disquiet about the
inability of the government to contain religious intolerance,
violence and corruption, has led to an increased readiness to
re-embrace not only more authoritarian styles of rule but also
ideological formulas from the past. This book will be welcomed by
students and scholars of Southeast Asia, politics and political
theory, as well as by those interested in authoritarian regimes,
democracy and human rights.
Using an exhaustive selection of primary sources, this book presents a rich and textured picture of Indonesian politics and society from 1965 to the dramatic changes which have taken place in recent years. Providing a complete portrait of the Indonesian political landscape, this authoritative reader is an essential resource in understanding the history and contradictions of the New Order, current social and political conditions and the road ahead.
In June 1978, a forty-five year old Indonesian named Sawito
Kartowibowo was pronounced guilty of subversion. He was charged
with having composed a number of inflammatory documents criticizing
the government's failings and requesting that Suharto stand down as
President. These documents would have been quite insignificant if
those who had endorsed them had not been so well known. Their
signatories included former Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and four
very prominent and well-respected religious leaders: the head of
the Catholic Church in Indonesia, Cardinal Darmoyuwono; the Moslem
publicist and writer, Hamka H. Abdulmalik Karim Amrullah]; leading
mystic and founder of the Indonesian Police, Said Sukanto
Tjokrodiatmojo; and retired General T. B. Simatupang, a Protestant
leader and former Armed Forces Chief of Staff. As it was, the
controversy over the documents became a national issue. The Sawito
affair is one of the enigmas of recent Indonesian history. Puzzles
abounded from the afternoon in September 1976 when the government
dramatically announced the discovery of a "plot to topple the
President," and a number of subsequent arrests. Had a coup been
planned? Who was behind it? And who on earth was Sawito, the man
the government declared had tricked Hatta and his fellow
signatories into the "dark conspiracy"? Much of the public interest
in Sawito, in the months following the announcement, derived from
the publicization of a diary written by a former Indonesian
diplomat describing a series of spiritual pilgrimages undertaken by
Sawito in the early 1970s. According to the diary, Sawito had
meditated on a sacred Javanese mountain-top and there received
supernatural signs that he was destined to rule Indonesia.
Subsequently, in a solemn and archaic ritual involving symbols of
the fifteenth century Majapahit Kingdom, Sawito had been invested
as Ratu Adil, the messianic Just King. The press, and later the
courts, drew the conclusion that Sawito, convinced of his regal
destiny, had then embarked on a mission to replace Suharto as
President. In order to achieve this, so the story went, he had
drafted a number of subversive documents and, with guile and
deceit, obtained the signatures of several gullible dignitaries.
One newspaper ran a cartoon of a demented-looking Sawito, praying
before a row of Javanese daggers (keris) and a fuming incense pot,
dreaming of the presidential throne. The tiny figure running
towards him and brandishing a piece of paper calls to Sawito: "It's
not the age for that sort of thing any more, mas " The general
impression was thus created that the affair was essentially a
product of Sawito's mystically inspired claim to power. This became
the accepted perception of the Sawito affair, both for a large
majority of Indonesians and in a number of Western academic
treatments of the subject. A classic historical pattern of
political challenge seemed to be repeating itself, and parallels
were drawn between the "Sawito challenge" and messianic Ratu Adil
movements of Java's past. Analysts also invoked Javanese cultural
tradition in an attempt to come to terms with the government's
remarkably severe response to the affair. Some sought to explain
the danger Sawito posed to Suharto by referring to traditional
conceptions of the linkage between earthly and supernatural
authority still exercising an influence in Indonesian society. As
some readers will be unfamiliar with the cultural-historical frame
of reference alluded to here and elsewhere in this study, it is
necessary briefly to identify a few key elements of the Javanese
cosmology.
The terror campaign by pro-Indonesian armed groups before, during,
and after East Timor's independence referendum in 1999 was a
blatant challenge to the international community as many of the
acts of murder, political intimidation, destruction, and mass
deportation took place before the eyes of the world. Yet still the
ultimate responsibility has been denied and obscured. Masters of
Terror provides an authoritative analysis and documentation of the
brutal operations carried out by the Indonesian army and its East
Timorese allies. The authors carefully assemble detailed accounts
of the actions of the major Indonesian officers and East Timorese
militia commanders accused of gross human rights violations. This
indispensable work explores a horrific frontal attack on democracy
and calls for the establishment of an international tribunal for
crimes against humanity in East Timor.
The terror campaign by pro-Indonesian armed groups before, during,
and after East Timor's independence referendum in 1999 was a
blatant challenge to the international community as many of the
acts of murder, political intimidation, destruction, and mass
deportation took place before the eyes of the world. Yet still the
ultimate responsibility has been denied and obscured. Masters of
Terror provides an authoritative analysis and documentation of the
brutal operations carried out by the Indonesian army and its East
Timorese allies. The authors carefully assemble detailed accounts
of the actions of the major Indonesian officers and East Timorese
militia commanders accused of gross human rights violations. This
indispensable work explores a horrific frontal attack on democracy
and calls for the establishment of an international tribunal for
crimes against humanity in East Timor.
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