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This book provides a concise overview of the current context and
types of public sector audit and the varied structures within which
public sector audit is practised across the world. It summarises
the objectives of public sector audit as well as explores the role
of the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions in
providing guidance to these. Drawing on public and private sector
audit as well as the views of academics and practitioners on public
sector audit, it provides a unique research-based guide to the
current issues and future challenges in the field.
The regenerative capacity of the liver has been recognized for
centuries, but when it is overwhelmed by insulting stimuli or is
chronically damaged, its regenerative capability is substantially
reduced or lost. Researchers have been working to find solutions to
cure failing human liver function. Given the ability of stem cells
to self- renew and differentiate into specialized cell liver types,
they represent an attractive strategy to replace lost liver
function. This book begins by outlining the complex nature of human
liver disease and proceeds to examine the potential that stem
cell-based approaches have to offer.
This book provides a concise overview of the current context and
types of public sector audit and the varied structures within which
public sector audit is practised across the world. It summarises
the objectives of public sector audit as well as explores the role
of the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions in
providing guidance to these. Drawing on public and private sector
audit as well as the views of academics and practitioners on public
sector audit, it provides a unique research-based guide to the
current issues and future challenges in the field.
In recent years, companies and government agencies have come to
realize that the data they use represent a significant corporate
resource, whose cost calls for management every bit as rigorous as
the management of human resources, money, and capital equipment.
With this realization has come recognition of the importance to
integrate the data that has traditionally only been available from
disparate sources.
An important component of this integration is the management of the
"metadata" that describe, catalogue, and provide access to the
various forms of underlying business data. The "metadata
repository" is essential keeping track both of the various physical
components of these systems, but also their semantics. What do we
mean by "customer?" Where can we find information about our
customers?
After years of building enterprise models for the oil,
pharmaceutical, banking, and other industries, Dave Hay has here
not only developed a conceptual model of such a metadata
repository, he has in fact created a true enterprise data model of
the information technology industry itself.
* A comprehensive work based on the Zachman Framework for
information architecture-encompassing the Business Owner's,
Architect's, and Designer's views, for all columns (data,
activities, locations, people, timing, and motivation)
* Provides a step-by-step description of model and is organized so
that different readers can benefit from different parts
* Provides a view of the world being addressed by all the
techniques, methods and tools of the information processing
industry (for example, object-oriented design, CASE, business
process re-engineering, etc.)
* Presents many concepts that are notcurrently being addressed by
such tools - and should be
Here you will learn how to develop an attractive, easily readable,
conceptual, business-oriented entity/relationship model, using a
variation on the UML Class Model notation. This book has two
audiences: Data modellers (both analysts and database designers)
who are convinced that UML has nothing to do with them; and UML
experts who don't realise that architectural data modelling really
is different from object modelling (and that the differences are
important). David Hay's objective is to finally bring these two
groups together in peace. Here all modellers will receive guidance
on how to produce a high quality (that is, readable)
entity/relationship model to describe the data architecture of an
organisation. The notation involved happens to be the one for class
models in the Unified Modelling Language, even though UML was
originally developed to support object-oriented design. Designers
have a different view of the world from those who develop
business-oriented conceptual data models, which means that to use
UML for architectural modelling requires some adjustments. These
adjustments are described in this book. David Hay is the author of
"Enterprise Model Patterns: Describing the World", a comprehensive
model of a generic enterprise. The diagrams were at various levels
of abstraction, and they were all rendered in the slightly modified
version of UML Class Diagrams presented here. This book is a
handbook to describe how to build models such as these. By way of
background, an appendix provides a history of the two groups,
revealing the sources of their different attitudes towards the
system development process.
In 1995, David Hay published "Data Model Patterns: Conventions of
Thought" - the groundbreaking book on how to use standard data
models to describe the standard business situations. This book
builds on the concepts presented there, adds 15 years of practical
experience, and presents a more comprehensive view. You will learn
how to apply both the abstract and concrete elements of your
enterprise's architectural data model through four levels of
abstraction: Level 0 - An abstract template that underlies the
Level 1 model that follows, plus two meta models; Level 1 - An
enterprise model that is generic enough to apply to any company or
government agency, but concrete enough to be readily understood by
all; Level 2 - A more detailed model describing specific functional
areas; and, Level 3 - Examples of the details a model can have to
address what is truly unique in a particular industry.
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