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Risks are increasingly regulated by international standards, and
scientists play a key role in standardization. This fascinating
book exposes the action of 'invisible colleges' of scientists loose
groups of prominent scientific experts who combine practical
experience of risk and control with advisory responsibility in the
formulation of international standards. Drawing upon the domains of
medicines, 'novel foods' and food hygiene, David Demortain
investigates new regulatory concepts emerging from invisible
colleges, highlighting how they shape consensus and pave the way
for international standards. He explores the relationship between
science and regulation from theoretic and historic perspectives,
and illustrates how scientific experts integrate regulatory actors
in commonly agreed modes of control and structures of regulatory
responsibilities. Sociological and political implications are also
discussed. Using innovative methodologies and an extensive insight
into food and pharmaceutical regulation, this book will provide a
much-needed reference tool for scholars and students in a range of
fields encompassing science and technology studies, public policy,
risk and environmental regulation, and transnational governance.
Contents: 1. Risk Regulation From Controversies to Common Concepts
2. Communities, Networks and Colleges: Expert Collectives in
Transnational Regulation 3. From Qualifying Products to Imputing
Adverse Events: A Short History of Risk Regulation 4. Drawing
Lessons: Medical Professionals and the Introduction of
Pharmacovigilance Planning 5. Modelling Regulation: HACCP and the
Ambitions of the Food Microbiology Elite 6. The Value of
Abstraction: Food Safety Scientists and the Invention of
Post-market Monitoring 7. Exploring Invisible Colleges: Sociology
of the Standardising Scientist 8. Scientists, Standardisation and
Regulatory Change: The Emergent Action of Invisible Colleges
Appendix 1. Research Strategy and Methodology References Index
How the US Environmental Protection Agency designed the governance
of risk and forged its legitimacy over the course of four decades.
The US Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 to
protect the public health and environment, administering and
enforcing a range of statutes and programs. Over four decades, the
EPA has been a risk bureaucracy, formalizing many of the methods of
the scientific governance of risk, from quantitative risk
assessment to risk ranking. Demortain traces the creation of these
methods for the governance of risk, the controversies to which they
responded, and the controversies that they aroused in turn. He
discusses the professional networks in which they were conceived;
how they were used; and how they served to legitimize the EPA.
Demortain argues that the EPA is structurally embedded in
controversy, resulting in constant reevaluation of its credibility
and fueling the evolution of the knowledge and technologies it uses
to produce decisions and to create a legitimate image of how and
why it acts on the environment. He describes the emergence and
institutionalization of the risk assessment-risk management
framework codified in the National Research Council's Red Book, and
its subsequent unraveling as the agency's mission evolved toward
environmental justice, ecological restoration, and sustainability,
and as controversies over determining risk gained vigor in the
1990s. Through its rise and fall at the EPA, risk decision-making
enshrines the science of a bureaucracy that learns how to make
credible decisions and to reform itself, amid constant conflicts
about the environment, risk, and its own legitimacy.
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