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Two thousand years ago, southern Scotland was part of a great
empire, the Roman Empire. About AD 140, a Roman army marched north
from what is now Northumbria and, 20 years after and over 100 miles
further north than Hadrian’s Wall, built a new frontier across
the Forth-Clyde isthmus. With reference to contemporary coins and
literary sources together with the archaeological remains,
inscriptions and sculpture from the Antonine Wall itself, David
Breeze explains the historical context for, and the creation of,
the fortifications. Stunning photography by David Henrie of
Historic Scotland illustrates all aspects of this most northerly
Roman frontier. These photographs help us to appreciate the
Antonine Wall in its landscape and allow us a visual explanation
for its construction almost 2000 years ago.
The economic and political challenges along the maritime borders of
the Roman Empire were multiple. The North Sea coasts were the focus
of the attention of traders within the framework of commercial
exchanges, of the General Staff preparing for the conquest of
Britain under Claudius, and for the defence of the coastlines from
the time that their protection became required. The design of a
defensive system and the establishment of a supportive force
followed a long path through five centuries, adapting to each
development and changing strategy and evolving military
installations. It had to face the threat of Saxon pirates, not to
mention the use of the Roman fleet for political purposes as under
Carausius. Military systems are complex because they rely upon the
combination of various elements, ports, fleets - thus the famous
Classis Britannica - forts protecting estuaries and watch-towers.
This border represents a page in military maritime history, but its
coasts, in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium and France,
contain archaeological sites of high heritage value that deserve a
large audience.
The Roman eastern frontier stretched from the north-east shore of
the Black Sea to the Red Sea. It faced Rome's formidable foe, the
kingdom of Parthia, and its successor, Sasanian Persia. Rome's
bulwark in antiquity was the area known as Syria or the Levant,
roughly modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine. To the
south lay the Nabataean kingdom, annexed by Rome in 106 and formed
into the province of Arabia. To the north, the Cappadocian frontier
was laid out in one of the most inaccessible and remote parts of
Eurasia facing extremes of climate and topography, amid a patchwork
of client kingdoms. This hidden and fascinating frontier in Turkey,
whose bases mostly lie under reservoirs, is the major omission from
this volume and it is hoped that a more in-depth account might
appear in due course. The Caucasian forts along the edge of the
Black Sea are, however, part of this volume; this is perhaps Rome's
least known frontier archaeologically but the subject of a unique
account by Arrian when governor of Cappadocia.
The frontiers of the Roman Empire together form the largest
monument of one of the world's greatest ancient states. They
stretch for some 7,500 km through 20 countries which encircle the
Mediterranean Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied
by visitors and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many
of the inscriptions and sculptures, weapons, pottery and artefacts
created and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the
frontier can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost
might of Rome are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves.
The aim of this series of books is not only to inform the
interested visitor about the history of the frontiers but to act as
a guidebook as well. The remains of the Roman frontiers in Wales
are unique in the Roman Empire. Unlike the well-known defensive
linear boundaries such as Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall in
northern Britain, the forts and fortresses in Wales formed a
dynamic offensive frontier designed to deal with the fierce
natives. More than 60 stone and timber fortresses, forts and
fortlets are known, some of which seem to have been occupied for
only a few years, while others remained in use for far longer. They
tell the story of the long and brutal war against the Celtic tribes
and, after their final and complete victory, the army's policy of
'occupation-in-depth' when up to 25,000 legionaries and auxiliaries
were stationed in Wales. We hope the readers of this book will
enjoy discovering the fascinating story of the Roman conquest of
Wales almost 2,000 years ago.
The Antonine Wall lay at the very extremity of the Roman world. For
a generation, in the middle of the second century AD, it was the
north-west frontier of the Roman empire. Furthermore, it was one of
only three "artificial" frontiers along the European boundaries of
the empire: the other two are Hadrian's Wall and the German Limes.
Although the Antonine Wall fits into the general pattern of Roman
frontiers, in many ways it was the most developed frontier in
Europe, with certain distinct characteristics. Perhaps of greatest
significance is the survival of the collection of Roman military
sculpture, the Distance Slabs. These record the lengths constructed
by each legion and their relationship to the labour camps allow
further conclusions to be made about the work of constructing the
Antonine Wall.
At its height, the Roman Empire was the greatest empire yet seen
with borders stretching from the rain-swept highlands of Scotland
in the north to the sun-scorched Nubian desert in the south. But
how were the vast and varied stretches of frontier defined and
defended? Many of Rome's frontier defences have been the subject of
detailed and ongoing study and scholarship. Three frontier zones
are now UNESCO World Heritage sites (the Antonine Wall having
recently been granted this status - the author led the bid), and
there is growing interest in their study. This wide-ranging survey
will describe the varying frontier systems, describing the extant
remains, methods and materials of construction and highlighting the
differences between various frontiers. Professor Breeze considers
how the frontiers worked, discussing this in relation to the
organisation and structure of the Roman army, and also their impact
on civilian life along the empire's borders. He then reconsiders
the question of whether the frontiers were the product of an
overarching Empire-wide grand strategy, questioning Luttwak's
seminal hypothesis. This is a detailed and wide-ranging study of
the frontier systems of the Roman Empire by a leading expert.
Intended for the general reader, it is sure also to be of great
value for academics and students in this field. The appendixes will
include a brief guide to visiting the sites today.
Towards the end of Caesar's Gallic War, Rome had reached the Rhine.
Since the campaigns under Emperor Augustus (15 B.C.), larger troop
contingents were stationed along the river, with focal points
around Mogontiacum/Mainz and in northern Switzerland. After the
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (9 AD), when the attempt to occupy
all of Germania had failed, the Lower Rhine remained the frontier
of the empire's territory until Late Antiquity. East of the Middle
and Upper Rhine, however, the Roman sphere of power was pushed
forward several times over a period of almost 200 years, and from
90 AD at the latest, the construction of artificial borders was
initiated. When the Roman expansion came to an end around 160 AD,
the province was secured in its furthest extension by the "Frontal"
or "Outer Upper-Germanic Limes", which existed until the middle of
the 3rd century. This book illustrates the historical and
archaeological significance of the Upper Germanic Limes and
provides an up-to-date overview of its manifold features in the
field.
The frontiers of the Roman empire together form the largest
monument of one of the world’s greatest states. They stretch for
some 7,500km through 20 countries which encircle the Mediterranean
Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied by visitors
and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many of the
inscriptions and sculpture, weapons, pottery and artefacts created
and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the frontier
can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost might of Rome
are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves. The aim of
this series of books is not only to inform the interested visitor
about the history of the frontiers but to act as a guidebook as
well. Slovakia was situated at the edge of the classical world but
still was a close neighbour of the Roman Empire. The Roman
influence left distinct traces not only at the territories along
the frontier but also in its broader fore field.
The frontiers of the Roman empire together form the largest
monument of one of the world's greatest states. They stretch for
some 7,500km through 20 countries which encircle the Mediterranean
Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied by visitors
and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many of the
inscriptions and sculpture, weapons, pottery and artefacts created
and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the frontier
can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost might of Rome
are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves. The aim of
this series of books is not only to inform the interested visitor
about the history of the frontiers but to act as a guidebook as
well. The Roman military remains of Egypt are remarkable in their
variety and in their state of preservation. They deserve to be
better known. They include forts, quarries under the authority of
the army and whose materials were used in the monumental buildings
of Rome, as well as the roads which crossed the desert landscape
and brought the Mediterranean into contact with the Indian Ocean.
It is hoped that each reader of this book will enjoy learning more
about the remarkable Roman inheritance of Egypt. The full text is
presented side-by-side dual-language in English and French.
The frontiers of the Roman empire together form the largest
monument of one of the world's greatest states. They stretch for
some 7,500km through 20 countries which encircle the Mediterranean
Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied by visitors
and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many of the
inscriptions and sculpture, weapons, pottery and artefacts created
and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the frontier
can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost might of Rome
are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves. The aim of
this series of books is not only to inform the interested visitor
about the history of the frontiers but to act as a guidebook as
well. The aim of this publication is not only to inform about
historical and archaeological facts on the Limes in Serbia but also
to act as a guidebook as well through the Danubian Limes.
The frontiers of the Roman empire together form the largest
monument of one of the world's greatest states. They stretch for
some 7,500km through 20 countries which encircle the Mediterranean
Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied by visitors
and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many of the
inscriptions and sculpture, weapons, pottery and artefacts created
and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the frontier
can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost might of Rome
are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves. The aim of
this series of books is not only to inform the interested visitor
about the history of the frontiers but to act as a guidebook as
well. The province of Dacia had a relatively short life being
abandoned due to economic and strategic reasons in the 260s. It was
heavily militarized and therefore the role of the army was crucial
in Its development and life. The Roman frontier In Dacia combined
several elements, each relating to the landscape: there were
riverain and mountain borders, some supplemented by linear
barriers, and all connected by roads. Everywhere, the complex
system of the border consisted primarily of a network of
watchtowers, smaller or larger forts and artificial earthen
ramparts or stone walls.
In 1949, in the aftermath of a devastating war, Eric Birley
organised the First Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. His aim was
not only to pursue the study of Roman frontiers but also to take a
step towards restoring harmony in international relations within
this field of research. The pattern was set early on: the exchange
of information, networking and friendship. These three elements
remain at the core of the approach of those organising and
attending the Congress. They are reinforced by the pattern of the
meetings, usually held every three years. The programme includes
not only lectures but also visits to the local Roman military sites
led by appropriate specialists. Over the 73 years since the First
Congress, membership has grown enormously with more lecture
theatres and more coaches being required every meeting. This
publication marks the twenty-fifth Congress at Nijmegen in the
Netherlands, a city well known to Roman frontier archaeologists and
early medieval scholars alike. It aims to help newer members
understand the body they have joined; for those who have been
attending for longer, it will be a reminder of friendships made and
strengthened; for all, the book hopes to be a spur to continuing
investigations and research into Rome's greatest monument, its
frontiers; for the moment of publication, it will be a celebration
of the twenty-fifth Congress of Roman Frontier Studies.
The Roman fort at Bearsden and its annexe, together with areas
beyond its defences, were extensively excavated from 1973 to 1982.
The report on these excavations was published in 2016. This
'popular' account of the discoveries looks at the material
recovered from the site in a different way, examining the process
of archaeological excavation, the life of the soldiers at the fort
based on the results of the excavation as well as material from
elsewhere in the Roman Empire, the presentation and interpretation
of the bath-house and latrine, and a discussion of possible future
work arising out of the excavation. The excavation report was well
illustrated with reconstruction drawings and the process of
creating these is also discussed.
The frontiers of the Roman empire together form the largest
surviving monument of one of the world's greatest states. They
stretch for some 7,500 km through 20 countries which encircle the
Mediterranean Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied
by visitors and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many
of the inscriptions and sculpture, weapons, pottery and artefacts
created and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the
frontier can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost
might of Rome are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves.
The aim of this series of booklets is not only to inform the
interested visitor about the history of the frontiers but to act as
a guidebook as well. The Roman Empire reached its near full extent
during the reign of Emperor Augustus. At that time Europe, Africa,
the Middle East and the entire Mediterranean were part of it. The
Hungarian part of the Empire had a river frontier that was more
precisely called ripa. Pannonia province existed from the
occupation during the reign of Emperor Augustus to the 20s and 30s
of the 5th century A.D. Its border stretched alongside the Danube
and was always one of the most important European frontiers in
Roman times, as it is justified by keeping a very strong defence
force there, consisting of 4 legions and an average of 30 auxiliary
units. Some 420 km long section of the entire Pannonian limes from
Klosterneuburg (Austria) to Belgrade (Serbia) belongs to the
territory of present-day Hungary.
The frontiers of the Roman empire together form the largest
monument of one of the world's greatest states. They stretch for
some 7,500km through 20 countries which encircle the Mediterranean
Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied by visitors
and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many of the
inscriptions and sculpture, weapons, pottery and artefacts created
and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the frontier
can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost might of Rome
are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves. The aim of
this series of books is not only to inform the interested visitor
about the history of the frontiers but to act as a guidebook as
well. The Roman military remains in North Africa are remarkable in
their variety and in their state of preservation: they deserve to
be better known. They include towers and forts, stretches of
defensive lines of stone and earth with ditches broken by gates,
and roads, sitting in the most amazing scenery. It is hoped that
each reader of this book will enjoy learning more about North
Africa's remarkable Roman inheritance.
The collection of Roman inscribed stones and sculpture, together
with other Roman objects found at Maryport in Cumbria, is the
oldest archaeological collection in Britain still in private hands.
Today, it is housed in the Senhouse Roman Museum on Sea Brows to
the north of the modern town of Maryport. Beside the museum the
earthworks of the Roman fort may still be seen, and beyond it,
though not visible, lies a large civil settlement revealed through
geophysical survey and the scene of two recent excavations.
'Maryport: A Roman Fort and its community' places the collection in
context and describes the history of research at the site.
Maryport, although at the north-western edge of the Roman Empire,
provides material of international importance for our understanding
of the Roman state.
A penetrating and lucid history of the best-known and most spectacular monument to the Roman Empire in Britain In this new edition of their remarkable book, the authors have updated their study of the famous Wall that divided Britain in two. Occasionally the Romans would march north and consider the complete conquest of the island; at other times the northern tribes would spill over the Wall to pillage the Roman province. Despite this, for three hundred years, with very few lapses, the peace of the frontier was regulated by the troops along the Wall. Only when the Western Empire fell did the soldiers drift away and the Wall decay. Taking into account new research findings about the building of the Wall, David Breeze and Brian Dobson include fascinating details about the Roman army, its religion and daily bureaucratic life. A selection of photographs, maps and diagrams help to make this a book for both the expert and the layman, being simultaneously erudite and unusually accessible.
The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most
northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD
142. It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland's largest ancient
monument. Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt
between Forth and Clyde. In this volume, nearly 40 archaeologists,
historians and heritage managers present their researches on the
Antonine Wall in recognition of the work of Lawrence Keppie,
formerly Professor of Roman History and Archaeology at the
Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent much of his
academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers
cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and
prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and
construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts
and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new
insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to
the people of the Wall, not just the officers and soldiers, but
their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new
developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of
the Antonine Wall to today's visitors. Considerable use is also
made of modern scientific techniques, from pollen, soil and
spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser
scanning. In short, the papers embody present-day cutting edge
research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of,
Rome's shortest-lived frontier. The editors, Professors Bill Hanson
and David Breeze, who themselves contribute several papers to the
volume, have both excavated sites on, and written books about, the
Antonine Wall.
The lectures on which this publication is based were delivered as
the Rhind Lectures to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in May
2019. The annual Rhind Lectures commemorate Alexander Henry Rhind
(1833-1863), a Fellow of the Society renowned for his excavations
(finds from which are now in the National Museum of Scotland) and
publications. The 2019 lectures were generously sponsored by AOC
Archaeology Group. The first two lectures – chapters in this book
– provide the historiographical background to our present
understanding of Hadrian’s Wall. They start with John Collingwood
Bruce, the leading authority on the Wall, from 1848 until his death
in 1892, who gave the Rhind lectures in 1883 and whose influence
continues to this day. Research on the Wall in the field and in the
study from 1892 to the present day are covered in the second
lecture. The third and fourth lectures consider the purpose(s) and
operation of Hadrian’s Wall from the first plan drawn up soon
after Hadrian became emperor in 117 through to the final days of
its existence as a frontier shortly after 400. Five distinct
‘plans’ for the Wall are promulgated. The fifth lecture
examines the impact of the frontier on the people living in its
shadow and beyond. The last lecture reviews the processes which
have brought us to an understanding of Hadrian’s Wall and
considers the value of research strategies, with some suggestions
for the way forward. The chapters in this book reflect closely the
lectures themselves with the main change being the addition of
references.
Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall defined the edge of the Roman
Empire in Britain. Today, the spectacular remains of these great
frontier works stand as mute testimony to one of the greatest
empires the world has ever seen. This new accessible account,
illustrated with 25 detailed photographs, maps and plans, describes
the building of the walls, and reconstructs what life was like on
the frontier. It places these frontiers into their context both in
Britain and Europe, examining the development of frontier
installations over four centuries.Designed for students and
teachers of Ancient History or Classical Civilisation at school and
in early university years, this series provides a valuable
collection of guides to the history, art, literature, values and
social institutions of the ancient world.
The frontiers of the Roman empire together form the largest
surviving monument of one of the world's greatest states. They
stretch for some 7,500 km through 20 countries which encircle the
Mediterranean Sea. The remains of these frontiers have been studied
by visitors and later by archaeologists for several centuries. Many
of the inscriptions and sculpture, weapons, pottery and artefacts
created and used by the soldiers and civilians who lived on the
frontier can be seen in museums. Equally evocative of the lost
might of Rome are the physical remains of the frontiers themselves.
The aim of this series of booklets is not only to inform the
interested visitor about the history of the frontiers but to act as
a guidebook as well. The frontier in Lower Germany was one of the
earliest to be created; surviving into the early 5th century, it
illustrates the whole range of Roman military installations. In the
Rhine delta, the watery nature of the landscape has ensured
incredible survivals in the form of organic remains including
ships. Upstream are great military bases created for the army
poised to invade Germany, supported by forts and fortlets, all
modified over time.
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