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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have developed rapidly in
recent years and now provide powerful tools for the capture,
manipulation, integration, interrogation, modelling, analysis and
visualisation of data - tools that are already used for policy
support in a wide range of areas at almost all geographic and
administrative levels. This holds especially for emergency
preparedness and health risk reduction, which are all essentially
spatial problems. To date, however, many initiatives have remained
disconnected and uncoordinated, leading to less powerful, less
compatible and less widely implemented systems than might otherwise
have been the case.
The important matters discussed here include the probabilistic
nature of most environmental hazards and the semi-random factors
that influence interactions between these and human exposures; the
effects of temporal and spatial scales on hazard assessment and
imputed risk; the effects of measurement error in risk estimation
and the stratification of risks and their impacts according to
socioeconomic characteristics; and the quantification of
socioeconomic differences in vulnerability and susceptibility to
environmental hazards.
GIS are powerful analytical tools in their own right, but what is
needed is much more effective communication between the many
disciplines, professions and stakeholders concerned - something
which this book helps to achieve.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have developed rapidly in
recent years and now provide powerful tools for the capture,
manipulation, integration, interrogation, modelling, analysis and
visualisation of data - tools that are already used for policy
support in a wide range of areas at almost all geographic and
administrative levels. This holds especially for emergency
preparedness and health risk reduction, which are all essentially
spatial problems. To date, however, many initiatives have remained
disconnected and uncoordinated, leading to less powerful, less
compatible and less widely implemented systems than might otherwise
have been the case.
The important matters discussed here include the probabilistic
nature of most environmental hazards and the semi-random factors
that influence interactions between these and human exposures; the
effects of temporal and spatial scales on hazard assessment and
imputed risk; the effects of measurement error in risk estimation
and the stratification of risks and their impacts according to
socioeconomic characteristics; and the quantification of
socioeconomic differences in vulnerability and susceptibility to
environmental hazards.
GIS are powerful analytical tools in their own right, but what is
needed is much more effective communication between the many
disciplines, professions and stakeholders concerned - something
which this book helps to achieve.
Accurate assessment of environmental hazards and related risks is a
primary prerequisite for effective environmental health protection,
at both the individual and collective level. National and regional
policies on environmental health need to be guided by knowledge
about the risks to the populations involved; as the Environmental
Action Plan for Europe notes, 'priority setting requires the
comparative assessment of risks to health of different
environmental factors against the cost of controlling them.' In
recent years this has assumed particular importance, for with the
encouragement of the World Health Organisation (WHO), all countries
in Europe are committed to producing National Environmental Health
Action Plans (NEHAPs), which will define priorities and targets for
environmental health and the actions needed to achieve them.
Reliable information on risks is clearly fundamantal to this
process. Individual risk assessment is no less important in this
context. Much of the responsibility and capacity to improve public
health lies ultimately in the choices (e.g. about diet, smoking,
alcohol consumption, sexual activities, sporting activities, travel
mode, place of residence and occupation) which we make as
individuals. If we are to improve and protect our own health,
therefore, and in so doing play our personal role in achieving the
targets set by these Plans, we need to be guided by a clear
understanding of the risks involved.
Accurate assessment of environmental hazards and related risks is a
primary prerequisite for effective environmental health protection,
at both the individual and collective level. National and regional
policies on environmental health need to be guided by knowledge
about the risks to the populations involved; as the Environmental
Action Plan for Europe notes, 'priority setting requires the
comparative assessment of risks to health of different
environmental factors against the cost of controlling them.' In
recent years this has assumed particular importance, for with the
encouragement of the World Health Organisation (WHO), all countries
in Europe are committed to producing National Environmental Health
Action Plans (NEHAPs), which will define priorities and targets for
environmental health and the actions needed to achieve them.
Reliable information on risks is clearly fundamantal to this
process. Individual risk assessment is no less important in this
context. Much of the responsibility and capacity to improve public
health lies ultimately in the choices (e.g. about diet, smoking,
alcohol consumption, sexual activities, sporting activities, travel
mode, place of residence and occupation) which we make as
individuals. If we are to improve and protect our own health,
therefore, and in so doing play our personal role in achieving the
targets set by these Plans, we need to be guided by a clear
understanding of the risks involved.
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