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This text introduces engineering students to probability theory
and stochastic processes. Along with thorough mathematical
development of the subject, the book presents intuitive
explanations of key points in order to give students the insights
they need to apply math to practical engineering problems. The
first seven chapters contain the core material that is essential to
any introductory course. In one-semester undergraduate courses,
instructors can select material from the remaining chapters to meet
their individual goals. Graduate courses can cover all chapters in
one semester.
In 1997, the two hottest topics in information technology are the
Internet and mobile communications. Each one has the enthusiastic
attention of the consuming public, investors. and the technical
community. In a time of rapid expansion, they both face technical
obstacles to meeting the public's high expectations. This situation
stimulates a high volume of research in both areas. To bring the
Internet into the twenty-first century. the research community
focuses on multimedia communications in which integrated systems
store, transport. and process many types of information
simultaneously. A major challenge is to meet the of each
information service. This problem is separate performance
requirements especially challenging when a system has to deliver
broadband, real-time services such as full-motion video. Meanwhile.
the mobile communications research community continues its long
term struggle against the triple challenge of mobility. ether. and
energy. "Mobility" refers to the changing locations of terminals.
When terminals are mobile. networks have to determine their
locations and dynamically establish routes for information. The
networks also have to rearrange themselves in order to maintain
links to terminals with active communications sessions. "Ether"
refers to the problems of wireless communications including limited
bandwidth. rapidly changing radio propagation conditions. mutual
interference of radio signals. and vulnerability of systems to
eavesdropping and unauthorized access. "Energy" refers to the fact
that portable information devices carry their own power sources.
The rate at which the batteries of cellular telephones and portable
computers drain their energy has a strong effect on their utility."
This book focuses on emerging issues in power-aware portable
multimedia communications devices beyond low-power electronic
design. It compiles system-level power management approaches, from
theoretical and simulation studies to experimental test beds
related to low power computing, mobile communication and
networking.
In October 1993, the Rutgers University Wireless Infonnation
Network Laboratory hosted the fourth WINLAB Workshop on Third
Generation Wireless Infonnation Networks. These events bring
together a select group of experts interested in the long tenn
future of Personal Communications, Mobile Computing, and other
services supported by wireless telecommunications technology. This
is a fast moving field and we already see, in present practice,
realizations of visions articulated in the earlier Workshops. In
particular, the second generation systems that absorbed the
attention of the first WINLAB Workshop, are now commercial
products. It is an interesting reflection on the state of knowledge
of wireless communications that the debates about the relative
technical merits of these systems have not yet been resolved.
Meanwhile, in the light of United States Government announcements
in September 1993 the business and technical communities must
confront this year a new generation of Personal Communications
Services. Here we have applications in search of the best
technologies rather than the reverse. This is a rare situation in
the infonnation business. Today's advanced planning and forward
looking studies will prevent technology shortages and uncertainties
at the end of this decade. By then, market size and public
expectations will surpass the capabilities of the systems of the
mid-1990's. Third Generation Wireless Infonnation Networks will
place greater burdens on technology than their predecessors by
offering a wider range of services and a higher degree of service
integration.
Rutgers University launched WINLAB in 1989, just as the
communications industry, the Federal government, and the financial
community in the United States, were waking up to the growing
public appetite for wireless communications and to the shortage of
technology to feed it. The secret was already out in Europe, where
no fewer than three new cordless and cellular systems were
progressing from drawing board to laboratory to factory to
consumers. In July 1989, the FCC held a well-attended tutorial that
turned into a debate over whether second generation British or
Swedish technology held the key to mass-market personal
communications. Many in the audience wondered whether United States
technology was out of the picture. Technology uncertainties are
more acute in wireless communications than in any other information
service. For example multi-gigabit optical fiber communications
have followed an orderly progression from basic science leading to
technology, which in turn stimulated standards, and then commercial
products. Eventually applications will be found and industry and
society at large will reap the benefits. By contrast, the
applications of wireless communications are apparent to an eager
public. A large market exists but is held in check by a shortage of
capacity. The demand has led the cellular industry to formulate
standards for advanced systems before the technology is in place to
implement them. Everyone holds their breath waiting to observe
performance of the first products. Gaps in basic science add to the
uncertainty and forestall the resolution of technological debates.
The past several years have been exciting for wireless
communications. The public appetite for new services and equipment
continues to grow. The Second Generation systems that have absorbed
our attention during recent years will soon be commercial
realities. In addition to these standard systems, we see an
explosion of technical alternatives for meeting the demand for
wireless communications. The debates about competing solutions to
the same problem are a sign of the scientific and technical
immaturity of our field. Here we have an application in search of
technology rather than the reverse. This is a rare event in the
information business. Happily, there is a growing awareness that we
can act now to prevent the technology shortage from becoming more
acute at the end of this decade. By then, market size and user
expectations will surpass the capabilities of today's emerging
systems. Third Generation Wireless Information Networks will place
even greater burdens on technology than their ancestors. To discuss
these issues, Rutgers University WINLAB plays host to a series of
Workshops on Third Generation Wireless Information Networks. The
first one, in 1989, had the flavor of a gathering of committed
enthusiasts of an interesting niche of telephony. Presentations and
discussions centered on the problems of existing cellular systems
and technical alternatives to alleviating them. Although the more
distant future was the announced theme of the Workshop, it drew
only a fraction of our attention.
System-Level Power Optimization for Wireless Multimedia
Communication Power Aware Computing focuses on emerging issues in
power aware portable multimedia communications devices beyond
low-power electronic design. Specifically, this work is a
compilation of system-level power management approaches including
theoretical and simulation studies, field measurements, algorithm
development and experimental test beds related to low power
computing, mobile communication and networking. The authors address
integrative power optimization studies that jointly consider
computing, communications and networking. The chapters reflect four
clusters of work: theoretical studies, work related to networks of
sensors, techniques for optimizing hardware and software design,
and application-level issues.
In 1997, the two hottest topics in information technology are the
Internet and mobile communications. Each one has the enthusiastic
attention of the consuming public, investors. and the technical
community. In a time of rapid expansion, they both face technical
obstacles to meeting the public's high expectations. This situation
stimulates a high volume of research in both areas. To bring the
Internet into the twenty-first century. the research community
focuses on multimedia communications in which integrated systems
store, transport. and process many types of information
simultaneously. A major challenge is to meet the of each
information service. This problem is separate performance
requirements especially challenging when a system has to deliver
broadband, real-time services such as full-motion video. Meanwhile.
the mobile communications research community continues its long
term struggle against the triple challenge of mobility. ether. and
energy. "Mobility" refers to the changing locations of terminals.
When terminals are mobile. networks have to determine their
locations and dynamically establish routes for information. The
networks also have to rearrange themselves in order to maintain
links to terminals with active communications sessions. "Ether"
refers to the problems of wireless communications including limited
bandwidth. rapidly changing radio propagation conditions. mutual
interference of radio signals. and vulnerability of systems to
eavesdropping and unauthorized access. "Energy" refers to the fact
that portable information devices carry their own power sources.
The rate at which the batteries of cellular telephones and portable
computers drain their energy has a strong effect on their utility."
In October 1993, the Rutgers University Wireless Infonnation
Network Laboratory hosted the fourth WINLAB Workshop on Third
Generation Wireless Infonnation Networks. These events bring
together a select group of experts interested in the long tenn
future of Personal Communications, Mobile Computing, and other
services supported by wireless telecommunications technology. This
is a fast moving field and we already see, in present practice,
realizations of visions articulated in the earlier Workshops. In
particular, the second generation systems that absorbed the
attention of the first WINLAB Workshop, are now commercial
products. It is an interesting reflection on the state of knowledge
of wireless communications that the debates about the relative
technical merits of these systems have not yet been resolved.
Meanwhile, in the light of United States Government announcements
in September 1993 the business and technical communities must
confront this year a new generation of Personal Communications
Services. Here we have applications in search of the best
technologies rather than the reverse. This is a rare situation in
the infonnation business. Today's advanced planning and forward
looking studies will prevent technology shortages and uncertainties
at the end of this decade. By then, market size and public
expectations will surpass the capabilities of the systems of the
mid-1990's. Third Generation Wireless Infonnation Networks will
place greater burdens on technology than their predecessors by
offering a wider range of services and a higher degree of service
integration.
The past several years have been exciting for wireless
communications. The public appetite for new services and equipment
continues to grow. The Second Generation systems that have absorbed
our attention during recent years will soon be commercial
realities. In addition to these standard systems, we see an
explosion of technical alternatives for meeting the demand for
wireless communications. The debates about competing solutions to
the same problem are a sign of the scientific and technical
immaturity of our field. Here we have an application in search of
technology rather than the reverse. This is a rare event in the
information business. Happily, there is a growing awareness that we
can act now to prevent the technology shortage from becoming more
acute at the end of this decade. By then, market size and user
expectations will surpass the capabilities of today's emerging
systems. Third Generation Wireless Information Networks will place
even greater burdens on technology than their ancestors. To discuss
these issues, Rutgers University WINLAB plays host to a series of
Workshops on Third Generation Wireless Information Networks. The
first one, in 1989, had the flavor of a gathering of committed
enthusiasts of an interesting niche of telephony. Presentations and
discussions centered on the problems of existing cellular systems
and technical alternatives to alleviating them. Although the more
distant future was the announced theme of the Workshop, it drew
only a fraction of our attention.
Rutgers University launched WINLAB in 1989, just as the
communications industry, the Federal government, and the financial
community in the United States, were waking up to the growing
public appetite for wireless communications and to the shortage of
technology to feed it. The secret was already out in Europe, where
no fewer than three new cordless and cellular systems were
progressing from drawing board to laboratory to factory to
consumers. In July 1989, the FCC held a well-attended tutorial that
turned into a debate over whether second generation British or
Swedish technology held the key to mass-market personal
communications. Many in the audience wondered whether United States
technology was out of the picture. Technology uncertainties are
more acute in wireless communications than in any other information
service. For example multi-gigabit optical fiber communications
have followed an orderly progression from basic science leading to
technology, which in turn stimulated standards, and then commercial
products. Eventually applications will be found and industry and
society at large will reap the benefits. By contrast, the
applications of wireless communications are apparent to an eager
public. A large market exists but is held in check by a shortage of
capacity. The demand has led the cellular industry to formulate
standards for advanced systems before the technology is in place to
implement them. Everyone holds their breath waiting to observe
performance of the first products. Gaps in basic science add to the
uncertainty and forestall the resolution of technological debates.
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