Hematological malignancies, defined as cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, represent a serious health care challenge for oncologists. Chapter One focuses on cytogenetic and molecular markers and summarizes their importance in identification, treatment and prognosis in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Chapter Two details the efficacy of treatment of myeloid hematologic malignancies with isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations by inhibitors of this enzyme. Chapter Three describes the use of Selinexor and other drugs for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Chapter Four explains the utility of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia.