Over the past few years, many of the former Communist-rule countries of Central and Eastern Europe have taken a steady path toward becoming more or less normal capitalist countries - with Poland and Hungary cases in point.

Russia, on the other hand, has experienced extreme difficulties in its attempted transition to capitalism and democracy. The pursuit of Western-endorsed policies of privatization, liberalization and fiscal austerity have brought Russia growing crime and corruption, a distorted economy and a trend toward authoritarian government.

In their 1996 book for Routledge - Revolution from Above - David Kotz and Fred Weir shed light on the underlying reasons for the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union and the severe economic and political problems of the immediate post-Soviet period in Russia.

In this new book, the authors bring the story up to date, showing how continuing misguided policies have entrenched a group of super-rich oligarchs, in alliance with an all-powerful presidency, while further undermining Russia's economic potential. New topics include the origins of the oligarchs, the deep penetration of crime and corruption in Russian society, the financial crisis that almost destroyed the regime, the mixed blessing of an oil-dependent economy, the atrophy of democracy in the Yeltsin years, and the recentralization of political power in the Kremlin under President Putin.

It is widely believed that the demise of the Soviet system was caused by the collapse of the economy accompanied by public demand that socialism should be abandoned. This text provides a different interpretation, arguing that the ruling party-state elite of the USSR itself moved to dismantle the Soviet system as a means to increase wealth and power. Examining the evolution of the Soviet economic and political system from 1917 to the present, the book discusses the beginnings of economic decline in 1975; Gorbachev's efforts to democratize and decentralize and how these led to changes in the economy and political structure; the complex political battle through which the coalition favouring capitalism took power; the flaws in economic policies of 1992 intended to rapidly build capitalism; the trend towards authoritarian government in Russia; and the surprising resurgence of Communism. Research includes interviews with over fifty former Soviet government and Communist party leaders, policy advisors, new private businessmen, trade union leaders and intellectuals.

It is widely believed that the demise of the Soviet system was caused by the collapse of the economy accompanied by public demand that socialism should be abandoned. This text provides a different interpretation, arguing that the ruling party-state elite of the USSR itself moved to dismantle the Soviet system as a means to increase wealth and power. Examining the evolution of the Soviet economic and political system from 1917 to the present, the book discusses the beginnings of economic decline in 1975; Gorbachev's efforts to democratize and decentralize and how these led to changes in the economy and political structure; the complex political battle through which the coalition favouring capitalism took power; the flaws in economic policies of 1992 intended to rapidly build capitalism; the trend towards authoritarian government in Russia; and the surprising resurgence of Communism. Research includes interviews with over fifty former Soviet government and Communist party leaders, policy advisors, new private businessmen, trade union leaders and intellectuals.

Over the past few years, many of the former Communist-rule countries of Central and Eastern Europe have taken a steady path toward becoming more or less normal capitalist countries - with Poland and Hungary cases in point. Russia, on the other hand, has experienced extreme difficulties in its attempted transition to capitalism and democracy. The pursuit of Western-endorsed policies of privatization, liberalization and fiscal austerity have brought Russia growing crime and corruption, a distorted economy and a trend toward authoritarian government. In their 1996 book - Revolution from Above - David Kotz and Fred Weir shed light on the underlying reasons for the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union and the severe economic and political problems of the immediate post-Soviet period in Russia. In this new book, the authors bring the story up-to-date, showing how continuing misguided policies have entrenched a group of super-rich oligarchs, in alliance with an all-powerful presidency, while further undermining Russia's economic potential. New topics include the origins of the oligarchs, the deep penetration of crime and corruption in Russian society, the financial crisis that almost destroyed the regime, the mixed blessing of an oil-dependent economy, the atrophy of democracy in the Yeltsin years, and the recentralization of political power in the Kremlin under President Putin.

This book constitues the refereed proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Agent Systems and Applications and the Fourth International Symposium on Mobile Agents, ASA/MA 2000 held in Zürich, Switzerland in September 2000. The 20 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 107 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on migration, security issues, systems and applications, mobile agent applications, applications of multi-agent systems, communication and mobility control, cooperation and interaction.