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The reinvention of art-history during the 1980s has provided a
serious challenge to the earlier formalist and connoisseurial
approaches to the discipline, in ways which can only help economic
and social historians in the current drive to study past societies
in terms of what they consumed, produced, perceived and imagined.
This group of essays focuses on three main issues: the demand for
art, including the range of art objects purchased by various social
groups; the conditions of artistic creativity and communication
between different production centres and artistic millieux; and the
emergence of art markets which served to link the first two
phenomena. The work draws on new research by art historians and
economic and social historians from Europe and the United States,
and covers the period from the late Middle Ages to the early
nineteenth century.
Provides for a new interpretation of the agrarian economy in late
Tudor and early modern Britain. This volume revisits a classic book
by a famous historian: R.H. Tawney's Agrarian Problem in the
Sixteenth Century (1912). Tawney's Agrarian Problem surveyed
landlord-tenant relations in England between 1440 and 1660, the
period of emergent capitalism and rapidly changing property
relations that stands between the end of serfdom and the more
firmly capitalist system of the eighteenth century. This transition
period is widely recognised as crucial to Britain's long term
economic development, laying the foundation for the Industrial
Revolution of the eighteenth century. Remarkably, Tawney's book has
remained the standard text on landlord-tenant relations for over a
century. Here, Tawney's book is re-evaluated by leading experts in
agrarian and legal history, taking its themes as a departure point
to provide for a new interpretation of the agrarian economy in late
Tudor and early modern Britain. The introduction looks at how
Tawney's Agrarian Problem was written, its place in the
historiography of agrarian England and the current state of
research. Survey chapters examine the late medieval period, a
comparison with Scotland, and Tawney's conception of capitalism,
whilst the remaining chapters focus on four issues that were
central to Tawney's arguments: enclosure disputes, the security of
customary tenure; the conversion of customarytenure to leasehold;
and other landlord strategies to raise revenues. The balance of
power between landlords and tenants determined how the wealth of
agrarian England was divided in this crucial period of economic
development - this book reveals how this struggle was played out.
JANE WHITTLE is professor of rural history at Exeter University.
Contributors: Christopher Brooks, Christopher Dyer, Heather Falvey,
Harold Garrett-Goodyear, Julian Goodare, Elizabeth Griffiths,
Jennifer Holt, Briony McDonagh, Jean Morrin, David Ormrod, William
D. Shannon, Jane Whittle, Andy Wood. Foreword by Keith Wrightson
The reinvention of art-history during the 1980s has provided a
serious challenge to the earlier formalist and connoisseurial
approaches to the discipline, in ways which can only help economic
and social historians in the current drive to study past societies
in terms of what they consumed, produced, perceived and imagined.
This group of essays focuses on three main issues: the demand for
art, including the range of art objects purchased by various social
groups; the conditions of artistic creativity and communication
between different production centres and artistic millieux; and the
emergence of art markets which served to link the first two
phenomena. The work draws on new research by art historians and
economic and social historians from Europe and the United States,
and covers the period from the late Middle Ages to the early
nineteenth century.
A reassessment of the Anglo-Dutch wars of the second half of the
seventeenth century, demonstrating that the conflict was primarily
about trade. This book re-examines the history of Anglo-Dutch
conflict during the seventeenth century, of which the three wars of
1652-4, 1665-7 and 1672-4 were the most obvious manifestation.
Low-intensity conflict spanned a longer period. From 1618-19
hostilities in Asia between the Dutch and English East India
Companies added new elements of tension beyond earlier disputes
over the North Sea fisheries, merchant shipping and the cloth
trade. The emerging multilateral trades of the Atlantic world added
new challenges. This book integrates the European, Asian, American
and African dimensions of the Anglo-Dutch Wars in an authentically
global view. The role of the state receives special attention
during a period in which both countries are best understood as
'fiscal-naval states'. The significance of sea power is reflected
in the public history of the Anglo-Dutch wars, acknowledged in the
concluding chapters. The book includes important new research
findings and imaginative new thinking by leading historians of the
subject.
In early modern Europe, and particularly in the Netherlands,
commercial empires were held together as much by cities as by
unified nation states. David Ormrod here takes a regional economy
as his preferred unit of analysis, the North Sea economy: an
interlocking network of trades shaped by public and private
interests, and the matrix within which Anglo-Dutch competition,
borrowing and collaboration took shape. He shows how England's
increasingly coherent mercantilist objectives undermined Dutch
commercial hegemony, in ways which contributed to the restructuring
of the North Sea staplemarket system. The commercial revolution has
rightly been identified with product diversification and the
expansion of long-distance trading, but the reorganization of
England's nearby European trades was equally important, providing
the foundation for eighteenth-century commercial growth and
facilitating the expansion of the Atlantic economy. With the
Anglo-Scottish union of 1707, the last piece of a national British
entrepot system was put into place.
This analysis of a crucial transformation in the history of world trade reveals how London and its surroundings grew during the eighteenth century to become the first true entrepot. The city developed a new kind of commercial structure sharply distinct from that of Holland and Amsterdam during the seventeenth century.
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