An intelligent agent interacting with the real world will encounter individual people, courses, test results, drugs prescriptions, chairs, boxes, etc., and needs to reason about properties of these individuals and relations among them as well as cope with uncertainty. Uncertainty has been studied in probability theory and graphical models, and relations have been studied in logic, in particular in the predicate calculus and its extensions. This book examines the foundations of combining logic and probability into what are called relational probabilistic models. It introduces representations, inference, and learning techniques for probability, logic, and their combinations. The book focuses on two representations in detail: Markov logic networks, a relational extension of undirected graphical models and weighted first-order predicate calculus formula, and Problog, a probabilistic extension of logic programs that can also be viewed as a Turing-complete relational extension of Bayesian networks.

David Poole's innovative LINEAR ALGEBRA: A MODERN INTRODUCTION, 4e emphasizes a vectors approach and better prepares students to make the transition from computational to theoretical mathematics. Balancing theory and applications, the book is written in a conversational style and combines a traditional presentation with a focus on student-centered learning. Theoretical, computational, and applied topics are presented in a flexible yet integrated way. Stressing geometric understanding before computational techniques, vectors and vector geometry are introduced early to help students visualize concepts and develop mathematical maturity for abstract thinking. Additionally, the book includes ample applications drawn from a variety of disciplines, which reinforce the fact that linear algebra is a valuable tool for modeling real-life problems.

This introductory textbook on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is aimed at junior/senior undergraduate and graduate level students. The book will weave a unifying theme among the core concepts that underlie the discipline of AI. While the text makes use of Prolog as its primary programming language, class testers have successfully substituted a Lisp-like pseudocode. The book encourages the student to expore, implement and experiment with a series of progressively richer logic-based representations that can capture the essential features of more and more demanding tasks and environments. The unifying theme will feature an intelligent agent acting in its own environment. This will serve to place the core concepts of AI in a coherent and cohesive framework, making it easier to teach and learn from. This approach will clarify and integrate representation and reasoning fundamentals and lead the students from simple to complex ideas with clear motivation. The authors have developed AI representation schemes and describe their use for interesting and popular applications, such as natural language vision, robotics, game playing, and expert systems. The manuscript has been class tested in a number of different courses in Canada, Japan, and Europe. Virtually every university and college has an interdisciplinary course on artificial intelligence. The enrollment in such courses is rising, as many interdisciplinary programs, such as cognitive science, psychology, linguistics, engineering, medicine, business and philosophy, recommend the course.

In 1991 the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) took over Asmara and completed the liberation of Eritrea; formal independence came two years later after a referendum in May 1993. It was the climax of a thirty-year struggle, though the EPLF itself was formed only in the early 1970s. From the beginning, Eritrean nationalism was divided. Ethiopia's appeal to a joint Christian imperial past alienated the Muslim pastoral lowland people in the areas where Eritrean nationalism first appeared. It was not until the early 1970s that the Christian elements of the population finally joined the liberation struggle on a substantial scale.