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This book presents conclusions from the first phase of a
collaborative research programme on the potential role of small and
intermediate urban centres in the development process. It draws on
discussions and work undertaken with the United Nations Centre for
Human Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.
Urban areas in the Global South now house most of the world's urban
population and are projected to house almost all its increase
between now and 2030. There is a growing recognition that the scale
of urban poverty has been overlooked - and that it is increasing
both in numbers and in the proportion of the world's poor
population that live and work in urban areas. This is the first
book to review the effectiveness of different approaches to
reducing urban poverty in the Global South. It describes and
discusses the different ways in which national and local
governments, international agencies and civil society organizations
are seeking to reduce urban poverty. Different approaches are
explored, for instance; market approaches, welfare, rights-based
approaches and technical/professional support. The book also
considers the roles of clientelism and of social movements. Case
studies illustrate different approaches and explore their
effectiveness. Reducing Urban Poverty in the Global South also
analyses the poverty reduction strategies developed by organized
low-income groups especially those living in informal settlements.
It explains how they and the federations or networks they have
formed have demonstrated new approaches that have challenged
adverse political relations and negotiated more effective support.
Local and national governments and international agencies can
become far more effective at addressing urban poverty at scale by,
as is proposed in this book, working with and supporting the urban
poor and their organizations. This book will be an invaluable
resource for researchers and postgraduate students in urban
development, poverty reduction, urban geography, and for
practitioners and organisations working in urban development
programmes in the Global South.
One in seven of the world's population live in poverty in urban
areas, and the vast majority of these live in the Global South -
mostly in overcrowded informal settlements with inadequate water,
sanitation, health care and schools provision. This book explains
how and why the scale and depth of urban poverty is so frequently
under-estimated by governments and international agencies
worldwide. The authors also consider whether economic growth does
in fact reduce poverty, exploring the paradox of successful
economies that show little evidence of decreasing poverty. Many
official figures on urban poverty, including those based on the US
$1 per day poverty line, present a very misleading picture of urban
poverty's scale. These common errors in definition and measurement
by governments and international agencies lead to poor
understanding of urban poverty and inadequate policy provision.
This is compounded by the lack of voice and influence that low
income groups have in these official spheres. This book explores
many different aspects of urban poverty including the associated
health burden, inadequate food intake, inadequate incomes, assets
and livelihood security, poor living and working conditions and the
absence of any rule of law. Urban Poverty in the Global South:
Scale and Nature fills the gap for a much needed systematic
overview of the historical and contemporary state of urban poverty
in the Global South. This comprehensive and detailed book is a
unique resource for students and lecturers in development studies,
urban development, development geography, social policy, urban
planning and design, and poverty reduction.
This volume brings together, for the first time, a wide-ranging and
detailed body of information identifying and assessing risk,
vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in urban centres in
low- and middle-income countries. Framed by an overview of the main
possibilities and constraints for adaptation, the contributors
examine the implications of climate change for cities in Africa,
Asia and Latin America, and propose innovative agendas for
adaptation. The book should be of interest to policy makers,
practitioners and academics who face the challenge of addressing
climate change vulnerability and adaptation in urban centres
throughout the global South.Published with E&U and
International Institute for Environment and Development
This book is the result of contributions, help and support from
numerous people and several agencies. We are particularly grateful
to the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing
Countries, the Swedish Council for Building Research and the United
Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) for funding the work
on which this volume is based - and doing so before the subject had
come to be regarded as important and relevant. Within these
agencies, special thanks is due to Olle Edqvist, Pietro Garau,
Bruce Hyland, Bob and Ingrid Munro and Arcot Ramachandran. We are
also grateful to our friends and colleagues in IIED's Human
Settlements Programme who have worked with us on this subject -
Jane Bicknell, Silvia Blitzer, Ana Maria Cabrera, Maria Graciela
Caputo and Julio Davila. Julio Davila deserves special thanks for
his help in refining and editing the final text; so too do Jane
Bicknell and Ana Maria Cabrera for patiently putting up with
endless last minute changes to the text.
The last five years have brought an enormous growth in the
literature on how urban development can meet human needs and ensure
ecological sustainability. This collection brings together the most
outstanding contributions from leading experts on the issues
surrounding sustainable cities and urban development.The Earthscan
Reader in Sustainable Cities is fully international in scope and
coverage. It will be the basic introduction to the subject for a
wide range of students in urban geography, planning and
environmental studies, and is essential reading for professionals
involved with the successful running and development of cities.
Despite four decades of development planning, at least one third of
the urban population of Africa, Asia and Latin America remains
poor. Over 600 million live in 'life and health threatening' homes
and neighbourhoods because of poor housing and inadequate or no
piped water, sanitation and health care. But even as the
shortcomings of government and development programmes become more
apparent, so do the untapped abilities of low-income groups and
their community organizations to develop their own solutions. This
book analyses the conditions necessary for successful community
initiatives and includes case studies of 18 intermediary
institutions (most of them Third World NGOs) who provide technical,
legal and financial services to low-income households for
constructing or improving housing. Many also work with community
organizations in improving water, sanitation, drainage, health care
and other community services. Through the analysis of innovative
financial systems for income generation, house construction and
service provision, Funding Community Initiatives considers the
feasibility of loans for addressing current urban housing problems.
It also considers how to increase greatly the scale and
effectiveness of support going to low-income households and
community organizations. This book will be of interest to students
and professionals concerned with urban development in Africa, Asia
and Latin America, especially those concerned with low income
shelter and community finance.
Each year, millions of children die of environmental causes and
many more suffer serious illness or injury. Children are often the
most vulnerable to the condition of their environment -and their
health is an index of its quality - but their wellbeing is rarely
given priority by governments or aid agencies. Ironically, the
problems can be traced back to matters which can be treated
straightforwardly and at relatively low cost - poor drinking water
or food, or infectious diseases which can be controlled. This book
gives a multidisciplinary account of the environmental health
hazards threatening children and the range of impacts they can
have. It also explains what can be done, by communities as well as
governments and aid workers, to provide safe and healthy
environments for children. The book looks at conditions in a range
of cities in the developing world, as well as pollutants and other
health problems affecting children in the North. Published in
association with UNICEF, and written by some of the same authors as
Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, 1993),
this provides excellent course material, and will be useful for
practitioners working on child development, infant and maternal
health, environmental health and community development. David
Satterthwaite is Director of the Human Settlements Programme at the
International Institute for Environment and Development, and
principal author of Environmental Problems in Third World Cities
(1993) and Squatter Citizen(1989).
Despite four decades of development planning, at least one third of
the urban population of Africa, Asia and Latin America remains
poor. Over 600 million live in 'life and health threatening' homes
and neighbourhoods because of poor housing and inadequate or no
piped water, sanitation and health care. But even as the
shortcomings of government and development programmes become more
apparent, so do the untapped abilities of low-income groups and
their community organizations to develop their own solutions. This
book analyses the conditions necessary for successful community
initiatives and includes case studies of 18 intermediary
institutions (most of them Third World NGOs) who provide technical,
legal and financial services to low-income households for
constructing or improving housing. Many also work with community
organizations in improving water, sanitation, drainage, health care
and other community services. Through the analysis of innovative
financial systems for income generation, house construction and
service provision, Funding Community Initiatives considers the
feasibility of loans for addressing current urban housing problems.
It also considers how to increase greatly the scale and
effectiveness of support going to low-income households and
community organizations. This book will be of interest to students
and professionals concerned with urban development in Africa, Asia
and Latin America, especially those concerned with low income
shelter and community finance.
'one of the best contemporary statements of what is occurring in
the growth of urban places in the Third World' Environment and
Planning 'a book that should enjoy a wide appeal: as a plea for
adoption of the 'popular approach'; as a text for student use; and
as an accessible and stimulating guide to the urban problems of
developing countries' Progress in Human Geography 'a very readable
book, containing a lot of well documented information The book is
especially relevant for interested lay people but many
professionals will benefit from having a copy on the bookshelf'
Third World Planning Review The true planners and builders of Third
World cities are the poor. They organize, plan and build with no
help from professionals. Drawing on their own skills, making the
best use of limited resources and forming their own community
organizations, they account for most new city housing. But the
city, which thrives on their cheap labour, rejects them. Their
houses are deemed illegal, because they do not conform to
regulations and they are called 'squatters', because they cannot
afford to buy sites legally. Their right to water, education and
health care, even to vote, are often denied. This book challenges
many common assumptions about the urban Third World - for example
that urban citizens live in very large cities and that cities are
growing rapidly, or that city dwellers benefit from 'urban bias' in
government and aid policies. It is about the lives of the 'squatter
citizens' and the problems they face in their struggle for
survival.
This volume sets out the issues behind environment-related diseases
caused by inadequate sanitation, contaminated water, airborne
pollution, garbage, overcrowding and dangerous sites. It describes
the development of actions to address these hazards and to rectify
living conditions in the long term.
Cities on a Finite Planet: Transformative responses to climate
change shows how cities can combine high quality living conditions,
resilience to climate change, disaster risk reduction and
contributions to mitigation/low carbon development. It also covers
the current and potential contribution of cities to avoiding
dangerous climate change and is the first book with an in-depth
coverage of how cities and their governments, citizens and civil
society organizations can combine these different agendas, based on
careful city-level analyses. The foundation for the book is
detailed city case studies on Bangalore, Bangkok, Dar es Salaam,
Durban, London, Manizales, Mexico City, New York and Rosario. Each
of these was led by authors who contributed to the IPCC's Fifth
Assessment and are thus acknowledged as among the world's top
specialists in this field. This book highlights where there is
innovation and progress in cities and how this was achieved. Also
where there is little progress and no action and where there is no
capacity to act. It also assesses the extent to which cities can
address the Sustainable Development Goals within commitments to
also dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this, it
highlights how much progress on these different agendas depends on
local governments and their capacities to work with their
low-income populations.
'one of the best contemporary statements of what is occurring in
the growth of urban places in the Third World' Environment and
Planning 'a book that should enjoy a wide appeal: as a plea for
adoption of the 'popular approach'; as a text for student use; and
as an accessible and stimulating guide to the urban problems of
developing countries' Progress in Human Geography 'a very readable
book, containing a lot of well documented information The book is
especially relevant for interested lay people but many
professionals will benefit from having a copy on the bookshelf'
Third World Planning Review The true planners and builders of Third
World cities are the poor. They organize, plan and build with no
help from professionals. Drawing on their own skills, making the
best use of limited resources and forming their own community
organizations, they account for most new city housing. But the
city, which thrives on their cheap labour, rejects them. Their
houses are deemed illegal, because they do not conform to
regulations and they are called 'squatters', because they cannot
afford to buy sites legally. Their right to water, education and
health care, even to vote, are often denied. This book challenges
many common assumptions about the urban Third World - for example
that urban citizens live in very large cities and that cities are
growing rapidly, or that city dwellers benefit from 'urban bias' in
government and aid policies. It is about the lives of the 'squatter
citizens' and the problems they face in their struggle for
survival.
This volume brings together, for the first time, a wide-ranging and
detailed body of information identifying and assessing risk,
vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in urban centres in
low- and middle-income countries. Framed by an overview of the main
possibilities and constraints for adaptation, the contributors
examine the implications of climate change for cities in Africa,
Asia and Latin America, and propose innovative agendas for
adaptation. The book should be of interest to policy makers,
practitioners and academics who face the challenge of addressing
climate change vulnerability and adaptation in urban centres
throughout the global South.Published with E&U and
International Institute for Environment and Development
'A valuable contribution to our collective knowledge about
governance, poverty and the environment' Frances Seymour, World
Resources Institute 'Detailed and realistic documentation of
contemporary development and governance relationships and trends'
Melissa Leach, Institute of Development Studies There are growing
signs that development work by governments, aid agencies and
non-government organisations ignores the fact that environmental
quality matters to the poor. There are also indications that some
environmental work is pushing 'people-out' protection
methodologies. Yet recently, an extensive range of project,
programme and policy level activities has focused attention on the
important links between poverty and the environment, and the
benefit of entrenching these links in policy-making processes at
all levels. The role that politics plays in all of this is of
overriding importance. This volume is the first to address the role
of politics in environmental issues that matter to the poor through
a series of case studies. It describes experiences at regional,
national and local levels in low and middle income countries
including China, Tanzania, Nigeria, South Africa, Pakistan,
Colombia, Peru, India, Saint Lucia and countries in East Africa.
Ultimately the book demonstrates how understanding the national and
local political context is crucial for addressing
poverty-environment issues such as environmental health, access to
natural resources for livelihoods and security, and coping with
environmental disasters. The editors advocate ways in which
political processes can be used to make positive changes - from the
perspectives of both poverty reduction and the environment.
New edition of Environmental Problems in Third World Cities Cities
in Africa, Asia and Latin America contain some of the world's most
life- and health-threatening human environments.
Environment-related diseases and injuries cause millions of
preventable deaths each year. In many squatter settlements,
children are 40 to 50 times more likely to die before the age of
five than they would be in Europe or North America and most such
deaths are environment-related. Many cities also cause serious
environmental degradation to their surroundings and increasingly
contribute to global warming. This updated and much expanded
edition of the classic Environmental Problems in Third World Cities
describes environmental problems and their effect on human health,
local ecosystems and global cycles. It points to the political
causes that underpin many of these problems - including
ineffective, unaccountable governments, and aid agencies'
reluctance to work with the urban poor. It also highlights
innovative solutions such as: * High-quality, low-cost homes and
neighbourhoods developed by urban poor groups working with local
non-governmental organizations * Local Agenda 21s developed by
municipal governments in partnership with community organizations.*
In their analysis, the authors show that cities can meet
sustainable development goals. There are practical, affordable
solutions to their environmental problems, but most of these depend
on more competent and accountable city governments and on more
support for low-income households and their organizations. The book
also outlines the changes needed international aid agencies to
support this. PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION 'It's rare to encounter
a work as authoritative and accessible as this. It is a mine of
useful information from cities in every corner of the Third World,
which does not shy away from the immensity of the problems, but
says as much about the solutions to them as about the problems
themselves' Jonathon Porritt 'Well written and very accessible' The
Geographical Journal 'Of value to students, teachers,
practitioners, policy makers and aid agencies' Third World Planning
Review 'A valuable resource for understanding the underlying
problems [this book offers] practical alternatives' Cities
International.
Urban authorities and organizations are responsible for providing
the basic services that affect the lives of urban children. Cities
for Children is intended to help them understand and respond to the
rights and requirements of children and adolescents. It looks at
the responsibilities that authorities face, and discusses practical
measures for meeting their obligations in the context of limited
resources and multiple demands. While the book emphasizes the
challenges faced by local government, it also contains information
that would be useful to any groups working to make urban areas
better places for children. Cities for Children begins by
introducing the concept, history and content of children's rights
and the obligations they create for local authorities. The volume
then goes on to look at a variety of contentious issues such as
housing, community participation, working children, community
health, education and juvenile justice. The final section of the
book discusses the challenge of establishing systems of governance
that can promote the economic security, social justice and
environmental care essential for the realization of children's
rights. It follows through the practical implications for the
structure, policies and practices of local authorities. Written by
the top experts in the field of children's issues, and including a
resource section which lists publications and organizations that
can provide further information and support, this volume is a must
for all involved in planning for, and the protection of, children
within the urban environment.
One in seven of the world's population live in poverty in urban
areas, and the vast majority of these live in the Global South -
mostly in overcrowded informal settlements with inadequate water,
sanitation, health care and schools provision. This book explains
how and why the scale and depth of urban poverty is so frequently
under-estimated by governments and international agencies
worldwide. The authors also consider whether economic growth does
in fact reduce poverty, exploring the paradox of successful
economies that show little evidence of decreasing poverty. Many
official figures on urban poverty, including those based on the US
$1 per day poverty line, present a very misleading picture of urban
poverty's scale. These common errors in definition and measurement
by governments and international agencies lead to poor
understanding of urban poverty and inadequate policy provision.
This is compounded by the lack of voice and influence that low
income groups have in these official spheres. This book explores
many different aspects of urban poverty including the associated
health burden, inadequate food intake, inadequate incomes, assets
and livelihood security, poor living and working conditions and the
absence of any rule of law. Urban Poverty in the Global South:
Scale and Nature fills the gap for a much needed systematic
overview of the historical and contemporary state of urban poverty
in the Global South. This comprehensive and detailed book is a
unique resource for students and lecturers in development studies,
urban development, development geography, social policy, urban
planning and design, and poverty reduction.
Urban areas in the Global South now house most of the world's urban
population and are projected to house almost all its increase
between now and 2030. There is a growing recognition that the scale
of urban poverty has been overlooked - and that it is increasing
both in numbers and in the proportion of the world's poor
population that live and work in urban areas. This is the first
book to review the effectiveness of different approaches to
reducing urban poverty in the Global South. It describes and
discusses the different ways in which national and local
governments, international agencies and civil society organizations
are seeking to reduce urban poverty. Different approaches are
explored, for instance; market approaches, welfare, rights-based
approaches and technical/professional support. The book also
considers the roles of clientelism and of social movements. Case
studies illustrate different approaches and explore their
effectiveness. Reducing Urban Poverty in the Global South also
analyses the poverty reduction strategies developed by organized
low-income groups especially those living in informal settlements.
It explains how they and the federations or networks they have
formed have demonstrated new approaches that have challenged
adverse political relations and negotiated more effective support.
Local and national governments and international agencies can
become far more effective at addressing urban poverty at scale by,
as is proposed in this book, working with and supporting the urban
poor and their organizations. This book will be an invaluable
resource for researchers and postgraduate students in urban
development, poverty reduction, urban geography, and for
practitioners and organisations working in urban development
programmes in the Global South.
Cities on a Finite Planet: Transformative responses to climate
change shows how cities can combine high quality living conditions,
resilience to climate change, disaster risk reduction and
contributions to mitigation/low carbon development. It also covers
the current and potential contribution of cities to avoiding
dangerous climate change and is the first book with an in-depth
coverage of how cities and their governments, citizens and civil
society organizations can combine these different agendas, based on
careful city-level analyses. The foundation for the book is
detailed city case studies on Bangalore, Bangkok, Dar es Salaam,
Durban, London, Manizales, Mexico City, New York and Rosario. Each
of these was led by authors who contributed to the IPCC's Fifth
Assessment and are thus acknowledged as among the world's top
specialists in this field. This book highlights where there is
innovation and progress in cities and how this was achieved. Also
where there is little progress and no action and where there is no
capacity to act. It also assesses the extent to which cities can
address the Sustainable Development Goals within commitments to
also dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this, it
highlights how much progress on these different agendas depends on
local governments and their capacities to work with their
low-income populations.
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