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This volume contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced study
Institute held at Geilo, Norway between 2 - 12 april 1991. This
institute was the eleventh in a series held biannually at Geilo on
the subject of phase transitions. It was intended to capture the
latest ideas on selforgan ized patterns and criticality. The
Institute brought together many lecturers, students and active re
searchers in the field from a wide range of NATO and non-NATO
countries. The main financial support came from the NATO scientific
Affairs Divi sion, but additional support was obtained from the
Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities (NAVF)
and Institutt for energi teknikk. The organizers would like to
thank all these contributors for their help in promoting an
exciting and rewarding meeting, and in doing so are confident that
they echo the appreciation of all the parti cipants. In
cooperative, equilibrium systems, physical states are described by
spatio-temporal correlation functions. The intimate connection
between space and time correlations is especially apparent at the
critical point, the second order phase transition, where the
spatial range and the decay time of the correlation function both
become infinite. The salient features of critical phenomena and the
history of the devel opment of this field of science are treated in
the first chapter of this book.
Systems with competing energy scales are widespread and exhibit
rich and subtle behaviour, although their systematic study is a
relatively recent activity. This text presents lectures given at a
NATO Advanced Study Institute reviewing the current knowledge and
understanding of this fascinating subject, particularly with regard
to phase transitions and dynamics, at an advanced tutorial level.
Both general and specific aspects are considered, with competitions
having several origins; differences in intrinsic interactions,
interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic effects, such as geometry
and disorder; irreversibility and non-equilibration. Among the
specific physical application areas are supercooled liquids and
glasses, high-temperature superconductors, flux or vortex pinning
and motion, charge density waves, domain growth and coarsening, and
electron solidification.
Magnetism encompasses a wide range of systems and physical
phenomena, and its study has posed and exposed both important
fundamental problems and many practical applications. Recently,
several entirely new phenomena have thus been discovered, generated
through cooperative behaviour which could not have been predicted
from a knowledge of `one-spin' states. At the same time, advances
in sample preparation, experimental technique, apparatus and
radiation sources, have led to increasing precision in the
investigation and exposure of greater subtleties in magnetic thin
films, multilayers and other systems. Examples of unexpected and
conceptually new phenomena occur in strongly correlated and
fluctuating quantum systems, producing effects such as Haldane and
spin-Peierls gaps, solitons, quantum spin glasses and spin liquids.
The discovery and elucidation of these `emerging properties' is a
central theme in modern condensed matter physics. The present book
comprises a series of chapters by world experts, covering both
theoretical and experimental aspects. The approach is pedagogical
and tutorial, but fully up to date, covering the latest research.
The level is appropriate to graduate researchers who may either be
just moving into the field or who are already active in condensed
matter physics.
Recent years have seen a growing interest in and activity at the
interface between physics and biology, with the realization that
both subjects have a great deal to learn from and to teach to one
another. A particularly promising aspect of this interface concerns
the area of cooperative phenomena and phase transitions. The
present book addresses both the structure and motion of biological
materials and the increasingly complex behaviour that arises out of
interactions in large systems, giving rise to self organization,
adaptation, selection and evolution: concepts of interest not only
to biology and living systems but also within condensed matter
physics. The approach adopted by Physics of Biomaterials:
Fluctuations, Self Assembly and Evolution is tutorial, but the book
is fully up to date with the latest research. Written at a level
appropriate to graduate researchers, preferably with a background
either in condensed matter physics or theoretical or
physically-oriented experimental biology.
This volume comprises the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study
Institute held in Geilo, Norway, between 4 - 14 April 1989. This
Institute was the tenth in a series held at Geilo on the subject of
phase transitions. It was the first to be concerned with the
growing area of soft condensed matter, which is neither ordinary
solids nor ordinary liquids, but somewhere in between. The
Institute brought together many lecturers, students and active
researchers in the field from a wide range of NATO and some
non-NATO countries, with financial support principally from the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division but also from Institutt for
energiteknikk, the Nor wegian Research Council for Science and the
Humanities (NAVF), The Nordic Institute for Theoretical Atomic
Physics (NORDITA), the Norwegian Physical Society and VISTA, a
reserach cooperation between the Norwegian Academy of Science and
Letters and Den norske stats oljeselskap a.s (STATOIL). The
organizing committee would like to thank all these contributors for
their help in promoting an exciting and rewarding meeting, and in
doing so are confident that they echo the appreciation also of all
the participants. 50ft condensed matter is characterized by weak
interactions between polyatomic constituents, by important*thermal
fluctuations effects, by mechanical softness and by a rich range of
behaviours. The main emphasis at this Institute was on the
fundamental collective physics, but prepar ation techniques and
industrial applications were also considered.
Magnetism encompasses a wide range of systems and physical
phenomena, and its study has posed and exposed both important
fundamental problems and many practical applications. Recently,
several entirely new phenomena have thus been discovered, generated
through cooperative behaviour which could not have been predicted
from a knowledge of one-spin' states. At the same time, advances in
sample preparation, experimental technique, apparatus and radiation
sources, have led to increasing precision in the investigation and
exposure of greater subtleties in magnetic thin films, multilayers
and other systems. Examples of unexpected and conceptually new
phenomena occur in strongly correlated and fluctuating quantum
systems, producing effects such as Haldane and spin-Peierls gaps,
solitons, quantum spin glasses and spin liquids. The discovery and
elucidation of these emerging properties' is a central theme in
modern condensed matter physics. The present book comprises a
series of chapters by world experts, covering both theoretical and
experimental aspects. The approach is pedagogical and tutorial, but
fully up to date, covering the latest research. The level is
appropriate to graduate researchers who may either be just moving
into the field or who are already active in condensed matter
physics.
Recent years have seen a growing interest in and activity at the
interface between physics and biology, with the realization that
both subjects have a great deal to learn from and to teach to one
another. A particularly promising aspect of this interface concerns
the area of cooperative phenomena and phase transitions. The
present book addresses both the structure and motion of biological
materials and the increasingly complex behaviour that arises out of
interactions in large systems, giving rise to self organization,
adaptation, selection and evolution: concepts of interest not only
to biology and living systems but also within condensed matter
physics. The approach adopted by Physics of Biomaterials:
Fluctuations, Self Assembly and Evolution is tutorial, but the book
is fully up to date with the latest research. Written at a level
appropriate to graduate researchers, preferably with a background
either in condensed matter physics or theoretical or
physically-oriented experimental biology.
This volume contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced study
Institute held at Geilo, Norway between 2 - 12 april 1991. This
institute was the eleventh in a series held biannually at Geilo on
the subject of phase transitions. It was intended to capture the
latest ideas on selforgan ized patterns and criticality. The
Institute brought together many lecturers, students and active re
searchers in the field from a wide range of NATO and non-NATO
countries. The main financial support came from the NATO scientific
Affairs Divi sion, but additional support was obtained from the
Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities (NAVF)
and Institutt for energi teknikk. The organizers would like to
thank all these contributors for their help in promoting an
exciting and rewarding meeting, and in doing so are confident that
they echo the appreciation of all the parti cipants. In
cooperative, equilibrium systems, physical states are described by
spatio-temporal correlation functions. The intimate connection
between space and time correlations is especially apparent at the
critical point, the second order phase transition, where the
spatial range and the decay time of the correlation function both
become infinite. The salient features of critical phenomena and the
history of the devel opment of this field of science are treated in
the first chapter of this book."
Over the course of nearly half a century, Sam Edwards has led the
field of condensed matter physics into new directions, ranging from
the electronic and statistical properties of disordered materials
to the mechanical properties of granular materials. Along the way,
he has provided seminal contributions to fluid mechanics, polymer
science, surface science and statistical mechanics. This volume
celebrates the immense scope of his influence by presenting a
collection of original articles by recognized leaders in
theoretical physics, including two Nobel Laureates and a Fields
Medalist, which describe the genesis, evolution and future
prospects of the various sub-fields of condensed matter theory,
along with reprints of a selection of Edwards' seminal papers that
helped give birth to the subject. 'Stealing the Gold', Edwards'
favourite caricature of the relationship between theoretical
physicists and Nature, will be of singular interest to graduate
students looking for an overview of some of the most exciting areas
of theoretical physics, as well as to researchers in condensed
matter physics looking for a comprehensive, broad and uniquely
incisive snapshot of their subject at the dawn of the 21st century.
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