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Poverty, inequality and social welfare are defined in this book.
Previous poverty studies are surveyed and a new index of poverty is
developed based on everyday meanings, and stressing the individual
and relative nature of poverty. Previous definitions of inequality
and welfare are described and the relations between them and
poverty are explored. New estimates of poverty are made for
Australia. Conclusions are derived from comparisons between
measured levels of poverty over time and across family types.
Previous Australian studies of inequality and welfare are surveyed
and new estimates are made for Australia for recent years.
This book explains Japan's unique Prosecution Review Commission
(PRC) which is composed of eleven lay people selected randomly from
voter registration lists. Each of the country's 165 PRCs reviews
non-charge decisions made by professional prosecutors and
determines which cases should be reinvestigated or charged. PRCs
also provide prosecutors with general proposals and recommendations
for improving their policies and practices. The book analyzes the
history and operations of the PRC and uses statistics and case
studies to examine its various impacts, from legitimation and
shadow effects to kickbacks and mandatory prosecution. More
broadly, this book explores a problem that is common in many
criminal justice systems: how to hold prosecutors accountable for
their non-charge decisions. It discusses the potential these panels
have for improving the quality of criminal justice in Japan and
other countries, and it will appeal to scholars and students
studying prosecution and democracy, criminal justice, criminology,
lay participation, justice reform, and Japanese studies.
This open access book provides a comparative perspective on capital
punishment in Japan and the United States. Alongside the US, Japan
is one of only a few developed democracies in the world which
retains capital punishment and continues to carry out executions on
a regular basis. There are some similarities between the two
systems of capital punishment but there are also many striking
differences. These include differences in capital jurisprudence,
execution method, the nature and extent of secrecy surrounding
death penalty deliberations and executions, institutional
capacities to prevent and discover wrongful convictions,
orientations to lay participation and to victim participation, and
orientations to "democracy" and governance. Johnson also explores
several fundamental issues about the ultimate criminal penalty,
such as the proper role of citizen preferences in governing a
system of punishment and the relevance of the feelings of victims
and survivors.
What role does love-of cinema, of cinema studies, of teaching and
learning-play in teaching film? For the Love of Cinema brings
together a wide range of film scholars to explore the relationship
between cinephilia and pedagogy. All of them ask whether cine-love
can inform the serious study of cinema. Chapter by chapter, writers
approach this question from various perspectives: some draw on
aspects of students' love of cinema as a starting point for
rethinking familiar films or generating new kinds of analyses about
the medium itself; others reflect on how their own cinephilia
informs the way they teach cinema; and still others offer new ways
of writing (both verbally and audiovisually) with a love of cinema
in the age of new media. Together, they form a collection that is
as much a guide for teaching cinephilia as it is an energetic
dialogue about the ways that cinephilia and pedagogy enliven and
rejuvenate one another.
What role does love-of cinema, of cinema studies, of teaching and
learning-play in teaching film? For the Love of Cinema brings
together a wide range of film scholars to explore the relationship
between cinephilia and pedagogy. All of them ask whether cine-love
can inform the serious study of cinema. Chapter by chapter, writers
approach this question from various perspectives: some draw on
aspects of students' love of cinema as a starting point for
rethinking familiar films or generating new kinds of analyses about
the medium itself; others reflect on how their own cinephilia
informs the way they teach cinema; and still others offer new ways
of writing (both verbally and audiovisually) with a love of cinema
in the age of new media. Together, they form a collection that is
as much a guide for teaching cinephilia as it is an energetic
dialogue about the ways that cinephilia and pedagogy enliven and
rejuvenate one another.
As the first collection of new work on sound and cinema in over a
decade, Lowering the Boom addresses the expanding field of film
sound theory and its significance in rethinking historical models
of film analysis. The contributors consider the ways in which
musical expression, scoring, voice-over narration, and ambient
noise affect identity formation and subjectivity. Lowering the Boom
also analyzes how shifting modulation of the spoken word in cinema
results in variations in audience interpretation. Introducing new
methods of thinking about the interaction of sound and music in
films, this volume also details avant-garde film sound, which is
characterized by a distinct break from the narratively based sound
practices of mainstream cinema. This interdisciplinary, global
approach to the theory and history of film sound opens the eyes and
ears of film scholars, practitioners, and students to film's true
audio-visual nature.
Today, two-thirds of the world's nations have abolished the death
penalty, either officially or in practice, due mainly to the
campaign to end state executions led by Western European nations.
Will this success spread to Asia, where over 95 percent of
executions now occur? Do Asian values and traditions support
capital punishment, or will development and democratization end
executions in the world's most rapidly developing region?
David T. Johnson, an expert on law and society in Asia, and
Franklin E. Zimring, a senior authority on capital punishment,
combine detailed case studies of the death penalty in Asian nations
with cross-national comparisons to identify the critical factors
for the future of Asian death penalty policy. The clear trend is
away from reliance on state execution and many nations with death
penalties in their criminal codes rarely use it. Only the hard-line
authoritarian regimes of China, Vietnam, Singapore, and North Korea
execute with any frequency, and when authoritarian states
experience democratic reforms, the rate of executions drops
sharply, as in Taiwan and South Korea. Debunking the myth of "Asian
values," Johnson and Zimring demonstrate that politics, rather than
culture or tradition, is the major obstacle to the end of
executions. Carefully researched and full of valuable lessons, The
Next Frontier is the authoritative resource on the death penalty in
Asia for scholars, policymakers, and advocates around the world.
Founded in 1973, the journal Literature/Film Quarterly has featured
interviews with some of the most prominent and influential
filmmakers from around the world. In Conversations with Directors:
An Anthology of Interviews from Literature/Film Quarterly, the
journal's coeditors have assembled an exciting collection of
interviews spanning 35 years of the internationally-renowned
publication and representing a broad spectrum of artistic
approaches, industrial contexts, and cultural concerns.
Interviewees include classic Hollywood directors like Robert Wise,
Billy Wilder, and Frank Capra; European auteurs such as Eric
Rohmer, Federico Fellini, and Louis Malle; New Hollywood directors
such as William Friedkin, John Schlesinger, and Robert Altman;
women directors such as Martha Coolidge and Patricia Rozema;
contemporary filmmakers like Richard Linklater and Baz Luhrmann;
and documentary and avant-garde filmmakers. Organized
chronologically, each interview is preceded by a short introduction
that establishes a contemporary context, along with providing the
reader with a clear sense of the interview's primary concerns,
usefully illuminating the many fascinating, and sometimes
surprising, points of connection and difference between the
directors. The editors of this collection explore these connections
for the reader, with a particular emphasis on such recurring
subjects as auteurism, realism, editing, cinematography,
soundtracks, budgets, documentary versus narrative film, mainstream
versus avant-garde cinema, processes of adaptation, collaborations
with actors, and issues of artistic control. By assembling this
collection, the editors have provided a single volume where readers
may access the best interviews from the journal's pages over the
last several decades. Ultimately, Conversations with Directors will
prove to be an invaluable resource to both scholars and film fans
who are eager to gain further insight into these directors and
their work.
In the Japanese criminal justice system, the prosecutor has more control over life, liberty, and reputation than any other figure. Prosecutors make critical decisions about "who gets what" in Japan, chiefly by monopolizing decisions as to who will be charged with crimes, and for what. Based on extensive fieldwork inside a large prosecutors office in Japan and on numerous surveys and interviews, Johnson presents the first in-depth study in any language to describe and explain the role of Japan's 2000 prosecutors, the contexts in which they work, and the formidable powers they individually and collectively exercise.
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