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What justifies the size of this compendium of reviews on the
paramyxoviruses? As intracellular parasites that reproduce with
almost complete indifference to nuclear activities, paramyxoviruses
have not been providing insights about genes that regulate cellular
activities and development, topics that account for much of the
excitement in modem biology. For contributions of virus research to
those topics, we must look to the retroviruses, which have the
propensity to steal developmentally important genes and subvert
them to malignant pur poses, and to the nuclear DNA viruses, whose
gene expression depends heavily upon cellular transcription
machinery, making them exceptionally useful tools for identifying
and characterizing components of that machinery. From this
perspective, it may appear that purely lytic viruses like the
paramyxoviruses are sitting on the sidelines of contemporary
biology. But there is plenty of action on the sidelines.
Paramyxoviruses remain unconquered, devastating agents of disease.
Human deaths attributable to paramyxoviruses worldwide, especially
in children, are numbered in the mil lions annually. There are many
pathogenic paramyxoviruses and too few effec tive vaccines, and
those vaccines (against measles and mumps) are affordable only by
relatively affluent nations. Moreover, the paramyxoviruses are
intrin sically interesting organisms, presenting the challenge of
understanding the self-replication of RNA and many other challenges
peculiar to the structures and functions of their proteins, not
only as individual entities, but also as they act in concert during
virus reproduction and interact with vital functions of the cells
they infect and often (but not always) destroy."
This book is a collection of critical reviews about a diverse group
of virus families with two features in common: the stable
repository of genetic information in each virus is RNA, and each
virus modifies and appropriates a particular patch of the
eukaryotic cell membrane system to complete its structure. The
reviews take the reader from the level of virus genome structure
and expression through the quaternary interactions between
virus-specified elements and cellular components that cooperate to
produce virus particles. There are spectacular illustrations in
this volume, but it is much more than a picture gallery. Reading
widely in this book can be an effective antidote to
overspecialization: in these pages, you are likely to learn much
about viruses and about cells that you didn't know before; you'll
discover illuminating parallels between diverse virus families;
you'll come away with a sharpened awareness of important things
that are still to be learned. Memphis, Tenn. , Summer 1984 David W.
Kingsbury Preface This book was written at the suggestion of Dr.
David W. Kingsbury made at a work shop on viruses organized by the
Multiple Sclerosis Society in Aspen, Colorado, U. S. A. , three
years ago. Originally, we had thought to focus on the morphological
aspects of viral assembly. Later, during our discussions on the
process of budding of enveloped RNA viruses, it became evident that
we should include biochemical data in our review and correlate them
with the structural aspects of virus maturation.
1 The Genetics of Paramyxoviruses.- I. Introduction: The Genome
Strategy of the Paramyxoviruses.- II. Genome Organization.- A.
Genome Structure and function.- B. Coding Potential.- III. Genetic
Interactions.- A. Absence of Genetic Recombination.- B.
Complementation Analysis with Conditional Lethal Mutants.- C. Other
Mutants.- IV. Analysis of Gene function.- A. Transport and
Glycosylation of the G Glycoprotein of Respiratory Syncytial
Virus.- B. Membrane Interactions of the F1 Polypeptide of SV5.- C.
Gene-Specific Hypermutation in Measles Virus.- V Prospects.- VI.
References.- 2 The Molecular Biology of the Paramyxovirus Genus.-
I. Introduction.- A. History.- B. General Properties.- II. Virus
Structure.- A. Morphology.- B. Virion Envelope and
Envelope-Associated Proteins.- C. Internal Virion and Nonstructural
Proteins.- III. Viral Replication.- A. Adsorption, Penetration, and
Uncoating.- B. Molecular Organization of the Genome.- C.
Transcription.- D. Genome Replication.- IV References.- 3 The
Molecular Biology of the Morbilliviruses.- I. Introduction.- II.
Genome Structure and Replication Strategy.- III. Genetic
Relationships among the Morbilliviruses.- A. Nucleocapsid Protein
Gene.- B. The Phosphoprotein Gene.- C. Matrix Protein Gene.- D.
Fusion Protein Gene.- E. The Hemagglutinin Protein Gene.- F. The L
Protein Gene.- IV. Function of the 5? and 3? Untranslated Regions.-
V. Diagnosis Using Molecular Techniques.- VI. Morbillivirus
Vaccines.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. References.- 4 The Molecular
Biology of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) of the Genus
Pneumovirus.- I. Introduction.- II. Structures of the RSV Virion,
RNAs, and Proteins.- A. Virion Structure.- B. Overview:
Identification of Genomic RNA (vRNA), mRNAs, and Proteins.- C.
Genetic Map of Strain A2.- D. Structures of the mRNAs.- E. Sequence
Diversity among RSV Strains: Antigenic Subgroups.- F. Structures of
the RSV Proteins.- III. RSV Replication.- A. Attachment,
Penetration, and Growth Cycle.- B. vRNA Transcription.- C. vRNA
Replication.- D. Virion Morphogenesis.- IV. Evolutionary
Relationships.- A. RSV Antigenic Subgroups.- B. Relationships with
Other Paramyxoviruses.- V. Conclusions.- VI. References.- 5
Evolutionary Relationships of Paramyxovirus Nucleocapsid-Associated
Proteins.- I. Introduction.- A. Paramyxovirus Nucleocapsid
Structure.- B. Functions of Nucleocapsid-Associated Proteins.- II.
Sequence Analyses of Nucleocapsid Proteins.- A. NP Proteins.- B. L
Proteins.- C. P Proteins.- III. Conclusions.- IV. References.- 6
The Nonstructural Proteins of Paramyxoviruses.- I. Introduction.-
II. Paramyxovirus C Proteins.- A. Identification in Infected
Cells.- B. The P and C Proteins are Encoded in Overlapping Reading
Frames.- C. Multiple Initiation Codons on One mRNA.- D. Initiation
Codon Consensus Sequences and the Scanning Hypothesis.- E.
Subcellular Localization and Possible Function of Sendai Virus C
Proteins.- F. When is a Nonstructural Protein a Structural
Protein?.- G. Identification of C Proteins of Parinfluenza Virus 3,
Measles Virus, and CDV.- III. Paramyxovirus Cysteine-Rich
Proteins.- A. Identification of the Polypeptide and Its Gene in
SV5.- B. Assignment of Coding Regions.- C. Strategy by Which P and
V are Encoded.- D. Mechanism for the Addition of Extra Nucleotides
to mRNAs.- E. Conservation of the Cysteine-Rich Region of Protein V
in Paramyxoviruses.- F. Prediction of Cysteine-Rich Polypeptides
and mRNAs with Extra Nucleotides in All Paramyxoviruses.- G.
Identification of the Nonstructural Protein V and Its mRNAs in
Other Paramyxoviruses.- H. Function of the Paramyxovirus
Cysteine-Rich Protein V?.- IV. Paramyxovirus Small Hydrophobic (SH)
Proteins.- A. Identification of the Polypeptide and Its Gene in
SV5.- B. The SH Gene of Mumps Virus.- V Sendai Virus Nonstructural
Polypeptide B: Intracellularly Phosphorylated Matrix Protein.- VI.
Prospects.- VII. References.- 7 Paramyxovirus RNA Synthesis and P
Gene Expression.- I. Paramyxovirus RNA Synthesis...
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