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George Orwell wrote in Nineteen Eighty Four that 'If there is hope,
it lies in the proles.' A century earlier Marx was unequivocal: the
future belonged to the proletariat. Today such confidence might
seem misplaced. The proletariat has not yet fulfilled Marx's
expectations, and seems unlikely ever to do so. How could Marx have
entertained the notion that the proletariat would emancipate
humanity from capitalism and from class rule itself? This book,
first published in 1988, attempts an explanation by examining the
sources and development of Marx's concept of the proletariat. It
contends that this was not only a crucial element in Marx's theory
but a significant departure in socialist thought. By examining this
concept in detail the book uncovers a major contradiction in
Marxian thought: although the proletariat is assigned a momentous
task it is chiefly depicted as the class of suffering which is why,
historically, it has preferred security to enterprise.
There is almost unanimous agreement that civilians should be
protected from the direct effects of violent conflict, and that the
distinction between combatant and non-combatant should be
respected. But what are the fundamental ethical questions about
civilian immunity? Are new styles of conflict making this
distinction redundant? Eloquently combining theory and practice,
leading scholars from the fields of political science, law and
philosophy have been brought together to provide an essential
overview of some of the major ethical, legal and political issues
with regard to protecting civilians caught up in modern inter- and
intra-state conflicts. In doing so, they examine what is being
done, and what can be done, to make soldiers more aware of their
responsibilities in this area under international law and the
ethics of war, and more able to respond appropriately to the
challenges that will confront them in the field. 'Protecting
Civilians During Violent Conflict' presents a clear-eyed look at
the dilemmas facing regular combatants as they confront enemies in
the modern battlespace, and especially the complications arising
from the new styles of conflict where enemy and civilian
populations merge.
This title was first published in 2002. This useful collection
brings together scholars from diverse standpoints to examine the
transition from Communism a decade after it began. The result is a
book that illuminates the changes, and particularly the problems,
that have accompanied attempts to introduce representative
democracy and a viable market economy into formerly Communist
states. Specialist chapters on the Former Soviet Union, Russia,
Poland, Azerbaijan and the former East Germany, institutional
accounts of postcommunist states and conceptual chapters result in
this volume being ideally suited to university courses, policy
makers and NGOs that have an interest in transition countries.
This title was first published in 2002. This useful collection
brings together scholars from diverse standpoints to examine the
transition from Communism a decade after it began. The result is a
book that illuminates the changes, and particularly the problems,
that have accompanied attempts to introduce representative
democracy and a viable market economy into formerly Communist
states. Specialist chapters on the Former Soviet Union, Russia,
Poland, Azerbaijan and the former East Germany, institutional
accounts of postcommunist states and conceptual chapters result in
this volume being ideally suited to university courses, policy
makers and NGOs that have an interest in transition countries.
There is almost unanimous agreement that civilians should be
protected from the direct effects of violent conflict, and that the
distinction between combatant and non-combatant should be
respected. But what are the fundamental ethical questions about
civilian immunity? Are new styles of conflict making this
distinction redundant? Eloquently combining theory and practice,
leading scholars from the fields of political science, law and
philosophy have been brought together to provide an essential
overview of some of the major ethical, legal and political issues
with regard to protecting civilians caught up in modern inter- and
intra-state conflicts. In doing so, they examine what is being
done, and what can be done, to make soldiers more aware of their
responsibilities in this area under international law and the
ethics of war, and more able to respond appropriately to the
challenges that will confront them in the field. 'Protecting
Civilians During Violent Conflict' presents a clear-eyed look at
the dilemmas facing regular combatants as they confront enemies in
the modern battlespace, and especially the complications arising
from the new styles of conflict where enemy and civilian
populations merge.
George Orwell wrote in Nineteen Eighty Four that 'If there is hope,
it lies in the proles.' A century earlier Marx was unequivocal: the
future belonged to the proletariat. Today such confidence might
seem misplaced. The proletariat has not yet fulfilled Marx's
expectations, and seems unlikely ever to do so. How could Marx have
entertained the notion that the proletariat would emancipate
humanity from capitalism and from class rule itself? This book,
first published in 1988, attempts an explanation by examining the
sources and development of Marx's concept of the proletariat. It
contends that this was not only a crucial element in Marx's theory
but a significant departure in socialist thought. By examining this
concept in detail the book uncovers a major contradiction in
Marxian thought: although the proletariat is assigned a momentous
task it is chiefly depicted as the class of suffering which is why,
historically, it has preferred security to enterprise.
Despite being described as 'a remarkably successful partnership' by
John Howard and a 'triumph of trust' by his counterpart, Nationals
leader and Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson, the art of
coalition government is a delicate (and sometimes difficult)
balancing of policy, politics and personalities. The relationship
between the Liberal and Nationals parties ensured the Howard
Government's stability and provided a solid foundation for its
legislative program between 1996 and 2007. While the Coalition
partnership has been pivotal to Australian politics since the
Second World War, under the Howard prime ministership - despite
occasional tensions - the two parties changed key aspects of
Australian life through gun control, telecommunications and
taxation reform, and balancing the budget. In The Art of Coalition,
Joel Fitzgibbon, Zareh Ghazarian, Tom Frame, Linda Courtenay
Botterill, Paul Davey, Tony Abbott and others convey the
complexities of maintaining a strong political partnership, and the
importance of trust in an effective coalition.
This study is a contribution to the debate, begun just after the
October Revolution, concerning the relationship between Marx's
project and Soviet society. It focuses, however, only on the
political aspects of the matter: to what extent was early Soviet
authoritarianism the necessary outcome of Marx's works? Since
Lenin's practice and theory largely determined and justified the
early political character of the Soviet state, we may ask whether
Lenin was implementing Marx's project or a project of his own
design. Lenin, influenced by debates within Social Democracy and by
the experience of the Russian revolutionary tradition, used a
one-sided interpretation of Marx's work to build and defend a
'transition' which was fundamentally authoritarian. Marx was not
causally responsible for the theoretical foundation of Soviet
authoritarianism.
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