Mining's dramatic and dangerous nature is reflected in the hundreds of specialized tools and artifacts shown in over 500 color photographs and discussed in this revised and expanded second edition with updated pricing. Thirty categories, from advertising and assay equipment to surveying equipment and tokens, chronicle old mining methods in detail. An elevated appreciation is gained here of the men and women who spent part of their lives mining with this equipment. Today, historians and collectors pay respect to those people as they preserve and interpret the equipment that remains. This is an important and valuable reference for all concerned.

The ICANNGA series of Conferences has been organised since 1993 and has a long history of promoting the principles and understanding of computational intelligence paradigms within the scientific community and is a reference for established workers in this area. Starting in Innsbruck, in Austria (1993), then to Ales in Prance (1995), Norwich in England (1997), Portoroz in Slovenia (1999), Prague in the Czech Republic (2001) and finally Roanne, in France (2003), the ICANNGA series has established itself for experienced workers in the field. The series has also been of value to young researchers wishing both to extend their knowledge and experience and also to meet internationally renowned experts. The 2005 Conference, the seventh in the ICANNGA series, will take place at the University of Coimbra in Portugal, drawing on the experience of previous events, and following the same general model, combining technical sessions, including plenary lectures by renowned scientists, with tutorials.

The papers in this volume present theoretical aspects and applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. Also included are papers on fuzzy logic, soft computing, and artificial intelligence. Fundamental issues are addressed such as the nonlinear approximation capabilities of neural networks and formal methods of data representation with topological properties. New elements in genetic algorithms are presented, for example, crossover methods and gene representation. Papers on applications of neural networks show how successful these methods are in a wide range of fields like meteorological and atmospheric pollution forecasts, furnace control, and system identification. Genetic algorithms are used to solve optimization problems related to shipping and computer vision. Fuzzy-logic-based techniques are applied to sociodynamic models and hybrid neuro-fuzzy models.

From the contents: Neural networks - theory and applications: NNs (= neural networks) classifier on continuous data domains- quantum associative memory - a new class of neuron-like discrete filters to image processing - modular NNs for improving generalisation properties - presynaptic inhibition modelling for image processing application - NN recognition system for a curvature primal sketch - NN based nonlinear temporal-spatial noise rejection system - relaxation rate for improving Hopfield network - Oja's NN and influence of the learning gain on its dynamics Genetic algorithms - theory and applications: transposition: a biological-inspired mechanism to use with GAs (= genetic algorithms) - GA for decision tree induction - optimising decision classifications using GAs - scheduling tasks with intertask communication onto multiprocessors by GAs - design of robust networks with GA - effect of degenerate coding on GAs - multiple traffic signal control using a GA - evolving musical harmonisation - niched-penalty approach for constraint handling in GAs - GA with dynamic population size - GA with dynamic niche clustering for multimodal function optimisation Soft computing and uncertainty: self-adaptation of evolutionary constructed decision trees by information spreading - evolutionary programming of near optimal NNs

Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms both are areas of research which have their origins in mathematical models constructed in order to gain understanding of important natural processes. By focussing on the process models rather than the processes themselves, significant new computational techniques have evolved which have found application in a large number of diverse fields. This diversity is reflected in the topics which are subjects of the contributions to this volume. There are contributions reporting successful applications of the technology to the solution of industrial/commercial problems. This may well reflect the maturity of the technology, notably in the sense that 'real' users of modelling/prediction techniques are prepared to accept neural networks as a valid paradigm. Theoretical issues also receive attention, notably in connection with the radial basis function neural network. Contributions in the field of genetic algorithms reflect the wide range of current applications, including, for example, portfolio selection, filter design, frequency assignment, tuning of nonlinear PID controllers. These techniques are also used extensively for combinatorial optimisation problems.

In 1849, the Gold Rush was on! A hundred and fifty years later, the era still captures the American imagination. This fantastic book goes into great detail about the real lives of the brave `49ers and those who followed them, facing unbelieveable hardships in the hopes to striking it rich-finding the Mother Lode. This book discusses the expansion of mining from gold to silver, and eventually to copper, in many of the Western states. Significant mines in California, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Washington, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Idaho, Colorado, and Arizonia are all discussed, including their dates of operation and production records. The growth of railroads and transportation is explored, as is the evolution of mining technology. This books is a must for those interested in the realities of Gold Rush life, shown in over 225 period photographs. Mining stock certificates, currency, and newspapers from the day are also shown, along with antique mining tools-all with current values provided for collectors.