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This special double issue of the Journal of Health Politics, Policy
and Law is a collection of papers presented at meetings held by the
European Health Care Systems Discussion group--a forum for health
system scholars from throughout Europe who meet regularly to
discuss intra- and intercountry analyses of health care system
reform. Reaching beyond simple descriptive reporting on the health
care system of their particular country, contributors from across
Europe develop a much deeper understanding of health sector reforms
by placing emphasis on how the health care system of their country
promotes--and has been reformed to promote--efficiency, equity,
accountability and responsiveness within the specific political,
historical, and cultural contexts of their countries (including
Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden).
Recognized scholars from 15 countries offer rich political analyses
of 71 European leaders chosen for the significant roles that they
have played nationally, regionally, or internationally since 1945.
Each in-depth political and intellectual biography assesses the
leader's achievements and failures in historical context, key
career moments, major allies and opponents and their impact, and
the leader's interplay with different political institutions. The
profiles cover representative types of political leaders across the
political spectrum from left to right, heads of state and chiefs of
government, and political figures that have been important in
European history over the last 50 years. Leaders describe important
political moments in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The essays arranged alphabetically
also give a few primary and secondary sources for further research.
A short chronology and bibliographical essay on the subject of
European political leadership and a full index further enhance this
major reference designed for undergraduates and graduate students
and for scholars, government officials, and journalists in
political affairs, European studies, world history, and
international relations.
All advanced health care systems face severe difficulties in
financing the delivery of today's sophisticated medical care. In
this study David Wilsford compares the health systems in France and
the United States to demonstrate that some political systems are
considerably more effective at controlling the cost of care than
others. He argues that two variables--the autonomy of the state and
the strength and cohesiveness of organized medicine--explain this
variance.
In France, Wilsford shows, the state is strong in the health policy
domain, while organized medicine is weak and divided. Consequently,
physicians exercise little influence over health care policymaking.
By contrast, in the United States the state is weak, the employers
and insurers who pay for health care are fragmented, and organized
medicine is strong and well financed. As a result, medical
professionals are able to exert a greater influence on
policymaking, thus making cost control more difficult.
Wilsford extends his comparison to health care systems in the
United Kingdom, West Germany, Italy, Canada, and Japan. Whether the
private or public sector finances health care, he discovers, there
is now an important trend in all of the advanced industrial
countries toward controlling escalating costs by curbing both the
medical profession's clinical autonomy and physicians' incomes.
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