This edited volume explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming international conflict in cyberspace. Over the past three decades, cyberspace developed into a crucial frontier and issue of international conflict. However, scholarly work on the relationship between AI and conflict in cyberspace has been produced along somewhat rigid disciplinary boundaries and an even more rigid sociotechnical divide – wherein technical and social scholarship are seldomly brought into a conversation. This is the first volume to address these themes through a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary approach. With the intent of exploring the question ‘what is at stake with the use of automation in international conflict in cyberspace through AI?’, the chapters in the volume focus on three broad themes, namely: (1) technical and operational, (2) strategic and geopolitical, and (3) normative and legal. These also constitute the three parts in which the chapters of this volume are organised, although these thematic sections should not be considered as an analytical or a disciplinary demarcation. This book will be of much interest to students of cyber-conflict, artificial intelligence, security studies and International Relations.

Though the exact nature and delineation of Big Data is still unclear, it seems likely that Big Data will have an enormous impact on our daily lives. Exploring the Bounderies of Big Data serves as preparatory work for The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy's advice to the Dutch government, which has asked the Council to address questions regarding Big Data, security and privacy. It is divided into five parts, each part engaging with a different perspective on Big Data: the technical, empirical, legal, regulatory and international perspective.

The growth and health of our digital economies and societies depend on the core protocols and infrastructure of the Internet. This technical and logical substructure of our digital existence is now in need of protection against unwarranted interference in order to sustain the growth and the integrity of the global Internet. The Internet's key protocols and infrastructure can be considered a global public good that provides benefits to everyone in the world. Countering the growing state interference with this 'public core of the Internet' requires a new international agenda for Internet governance that departs from the notion of a global public good. Core ingredients of this strategy are: - To establish and disseminate an international norm stipulating that the Internet's public core - its main protocols and infrastructure- should be considered a neutral zone, safeguarded against unwarranted intervention by governments. - To advocate efforts to clearly differentiate at the national and international level between Internet security (security of the Internet infrastructure) and national security (security through the Internet). - To broaden the arena for cyber diplomacy to include new coalitions of states (including the so called 'swing states') and private companies, including the large Internet companies as well as Internet intermediaries such as Internet Service Providers.

Cyber norms and other ways to regulate responsible (state) behaviour in cyberspace is a fast moving political and diplomatic field. The academic study of these processes is a varies and interdisciplinary field. However, to date, much of the literature has been organised according to discipline, with rising interests in the field of international law, political science and IR, and international governance. Both the broader field of the study of international cyber security and internet governance, as well as the subfield of norms and state behaviour in cyberspace are relatively young, making their way into specialised journals. This volume brings together researchers from various academic disciplines around the theme of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. The authors come from disciplines such as international law, IR, business studies, political science and philosophy. The collection is divided into three parts. The first looks at current debates in and about international law in cyberspace. The second focuses on power politics and the way institutions (international organisations and legal instruments) adapt to the realities of cyber space and digital conflict. It also looks at the normative behaviour of states including China, Egypt and the Gulf States and sub-state actors such as intelligence agencies. The third part takes a critical look at multi-stakeholders and corporate diplomacy. How do global tech companies shape their role as norm entrepreneurs in cyber space and how do their cyber diplomatic efforts relate to their company identity?

Cyber norms and other ways to regulate responsible (state) behaviour in cyberspace is a fast moving political and diplomatic field. The academic study of these processes is a varies and interdisciplinary field. However, to date, much of the literature has been organised according to discipline, with rising interests in the field of international law, political science and IR, and international governance. Both the broader field of the study of international cyber security and internet governance, as well as the subfield of norms and state behaviour in cyberspace are relatively young, making their way into specialised journals. This volume brings together researchers from various academic disciplines around the theme of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. The authors come from disciplines such as international law, IR, business studies, political science and philosophy. The collection is divided into three parts. The first looks at current debates in and about international law in cyberspace. The second focuses on power politics and the way institutions (international organisations and legal instruments) adapt to the realities of cyber space and digital conflict. It also looks at the normative behaviour of states including China, Egypt and the Gulf States and sub-state actors such as intelligence agencies. The third part takes a critical look at multi-stakeholders and corporate diplomacy. How do global tech companies shape their role as norm entrepreneurs in cyber space and how do their cyber diplomatic efforts relate to their company identity?