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Environmental protection has not equally established itself as a
permanent fixture in the political systems of all countries: to
date, governments and entire societies have responded to
environmental challenges in a variety of ways, and concrete
environmental policy is still a highly national matter. Moreover,
the perception of environmental problems varies considerably on a
global scale. The reasons normally cited for these differences
largely stem from the environmental policy debates themselves, e.g.
poverty, ignorance, capital interests, etc. In contrast, this
book shows that concrete environmental policy emerges from a
complex interplay of mass media and political conflicts: first, the
mass media provide the framework for national environmental policy
through agenda-setting, framing and scandalization; second, the
mass media thereby change values in the political and social
discourse, e.g. by altering the perception of global commons and
expanding the possibilities of interest articulation; and third,
this can lead to political decision-making processes in which legal
and other measures for environmental protection are enforced. The
book systematically compares industrialized countries such as
Germany and Japan with several rapidly emerging countries in South
and Southeast Asia.
How spatial planning was transformed in Europe in the postwar
period. Spatial planning is a typical European attempt to shape the
development of societies by ordering their territory. It emerged in
the nineteenth century from colonial settlement and conquest
projections, urban reform, and conservative or even fascist
fantasies of order. With this legacy, further burdened by the
Soviet planned economy, spatial planning entered a new epoch after
1945. Since then, it has attempted to participate in the
reconstruction of Europe and to accompany the path into modern
society, mass democracy, and mass prosperity. Therefore, parallel
to the social changes between 1945 and 1975, a reform of spatial
planning began from Spain to Germany and from the Netherlands to
Italy. However, these developments found themselves in competition
with the specialized planning of the ministries, economic framework
planning, and the market economy. In the process, spatial planning
was transformed, becoming an institutional part of the European
legal and social states.
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