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This book presents a thorough review of the state-of-knowledge and
recent innovations in the synthesis of pure and improved grades of
fly ash zeolites (FAZ). Addressing improvements to conventional
methods, it also showcases a novel technique for the synthesis of
high cation exchangers from fly ash and detailed characterization
techniques for the products obtained. In addition, it examines in
detail various areas of specific applications of fly ash zeolites.
Over the years, several methods such as hydrothermal, fusion prior
to hydrothermal, microwave assisted hydrothermal and molten salt
techniques for producing FAZ have been developed. However, one-step
and two-step reactions between the fly ash and alkali usually
generate alkaline wastes that may cause environmental
contamination. In addition, the separation of FAZ from the
partially activated fly ash (the impurities) remains a major
concern for researchers and industrialists alike. In view of these
challenges, this book presents a novel technique for three-step
activation (TSA), which focuses on recycling the fly ash-NaOH-water
reaction by-products until zeolitic residue is formed. The FAZ (the
final residue after third step reactions) synthesized in this
manner exhibits exceptionally high cation exchange capacity,
specific surface area and pore area. This book offers a
comprehensive compendium of reading material on fly ash and its
recycled product, the zeolites. Students at both undergraduate and
graduate levels, researchers, and practicing engineers will all
find this book to be a valuable guide in their respective fields.
This book presents a thorough review of the state-of-knowledge and
recent innovations in the synthesis of pure and improved grades of
fly ash zeolites (FAZ). Addressing improvements to conventional
methods, it also showcases a novel technique for the synthesis of
high cation exchangers from fly ash and detailed characterization
techniques for the products obtained. In addition, it examines in
detail various areas of specific applications of fly ash zeolites.
Over the years, several methods such as hydrothermal, fusion prior
to hydrothermal, microwave assisted hydrothermal and molten salt
techniques for producing FAZ have been developed. However, one-step
and two-step reactions between the fly ash and alkali usually
generate alkaline wastes that may cause environmental
contamination. In addition, the separation of FAZ from the
partially activated fly ash (the impurities) remains a major
concern for researchers and industrialists alike. In view of these
challenges, this book presents a novel technique for three-step
activation (TSA), which focuses on recycling the fly ash-NaOH-water
reaction by-products until zeolitic residue is formed. The FAZ (the
final residue after third step reactions) synthesized in this
manner exhibits exceptionally high cation exchange capacity,
specific surface area and pore area. This book offers a
comprehensive compendium of reading material on fly ash and its
recycled product, the zeolites. Students at both undergraduate and
graduate levels, researchers, and practicing engineers will all
find this book to be a valuable guide in their respective fields.
The rise of rapid and uncontrolled industrialization, its alarming
levels of hazardous waste produced, and their negative contribution
to the international environmental epidemic of global warming —
in addition to the decrease in room to dispose of these wastes
safely — have put the pressure for many engineers, researchers,
and key decision-makers to find the answers to the constant tussle
between progress and sustainability — and quickly. Environmental
Geotechnology revisits existing concepts of geotechnical
engineering critically, and brings them up to date with new
knowledge and current affairs so as to better address and serve
today's needs of the professionals. It points out the role and
importance of the parameters and mechanisms that govern the
interaction of contaminants with geomaterials (soil and rock mass),
and also discusses their degradation in the long-run, and the
consequences that follow. The book starts from a engineering
philosophy that incorporates the influence of environmental effects
(both manmade and natural) on geotechnical engineering practices.
Its contents are based on geotechnical and environmental
engineering studies pertaining to waste management, such as: the
safe handling, transportation and disposal of waste, the estimation
of waste leakage into the subsurface, its consequences, methods of
containment, and the development of schemes to remediate
contaminated land. It also proposes innovative strategies for waste
management through the utilization of wastes based on a
comprehensive characterization. Modelling techniques such as
accelerated physical modelling using geotechnical centrifuge,
finite-element or difference-based numerical modelling and
physico-chemico-mineralogical modelling are discussed in this book
to enable the study of the complex (and otherwise slow) process of
contaminant-geomaterial interaction.
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