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This book offers extensive and comprehensive knowledge to the
researchers and academicians who are working on decontamination of
radioactively contaminated areas. Remediation strategies for
contaminated sites are provided. Readers who will find this book
useful include professionals specializing in radioecology, safe
disposal of radioactive waste, as well as decontamination,
remediation legacies and impact of radioactive waste material on
the environment. The chapters give a broad overview and reviews of
a number of original publications on remediation strategies that
were explored after the Chernobyl and Fukushima Nuclear Power plant
accidents. Useful case studies are provided that explore the latest
technological developments and future trends for affected area
decontamination.
This book examines the way that lead enters the biosphere and the
subsequent environmental impact. The contributing authors include
international experts who provide methods for assessing and
characterizing the ecological risk of lead contamination of soil
and plants. Information is provided on the consequences for human
health as a result of lead pollution. This book reveals that
approximately 98% of stable lead in the atmosphere originates from
human activities. Lead in Plants and the Environment reports on
methods for detecting, measuring, and assessing the concentration
of lead in plants. The authors provide a method for the measurement
of 210Pb isotopes in plants. This method can be applied extensively
in different environmental settings, not only as a way of revealing
sources of lead, but also as a way to monitor lead transport in
plants and animals that ingest them. The chapters include coverage
on the following topics: * Lead bioavailability in the environment
and its exposure and effects * Radioanalytical methods for
detecting and identifying trace concentrations of lead in the
environment * Lead contamination and its dynamics in soil plant
systems * Lead pollution monitoring and remediation through
terrestrial plants in mesocosm constructed wetlands * A review of
phytoremediation of lead This book is a valuable resource to
students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionals
doing field work on lead contamination throughout the world.
This book provides an authoritative review of the origin and
extraction of strontium and its impact on the environment. It also
presents the latest strontium decontamination and remediation
strategies. Around the globe, nuclear power is being recognized as
a major source of energy and is expected to play a crucial role in
meeting the energy requirements of present day society. However,
the pros and cons have to be considered, and the safe disposal of
large amounts of radionuclide wastes is becoming a matter of great
concern. These wastes encompass contaminants such as heavy metals
and toxic substances, which may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous
forms or a combination of these, and as such, their disposal
requires particular attention. The book focuses on 90Sr, which is a
predominant isotope of strontium and considered an intermediate
level radioactive waste with a half-life of 28.8 years, average
biological half-life of 18 years and 546 KeV decay energy. Written
by expert contributors, it addresses occurrence, detection and
extraction of strontium, the chemical and nuclear properties of
strontium isotopes, the fate and migration of strontium in soil,
its bioaccumulation, and its associated health impact, mechanistic
toxicity response as well as related regulation and remediation. It
appeals to scholars, scientists and environmental managers working
with strontium contamination in the environment and its
consequences.
This book examines the way that lead enters the biosphere and the
subsequent environmental impact. The contributing authors include
international experts who provide methods for assessing and
characterizing the ecological risk of lead contamination of soil
and plants. Information is provided on the consequences for human
health as a result of lead pollution. This book reveals that
approximately 98% of stable lead in the atmosphere originates from
human activities. Lead in Plants and the Environment reports on
methods for detecting, measuring, and assessing the concentration
of lead in plants. The authors provide a method for the measurement
of 210Pb isotopes in plants. This method can be applied extensively
in different environmental settings, not only as a way of revealing
sources of lead, but also as a way to monitor lead transport in
plants and animals that ingest them. The chapters include coverage
on the following topics: * Lead bioavailability in the environment
and its exposure and effects * Radioanalytical methods for
detecting and identifying trace concentrations of lead in the
environment * Lead contamination and its dynamics in soil plant
systems * Lead pollution monitoring and remediation through
terrestrial plants in mesocosm constructed wetlands * A review of
phytoremediation of lead This book is a valuable resource to
students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionals
doing field work on lead contamination throughout the world.
In recent years, radioactive contamination in the environment by
uranium (U) and its daughters has caused increasing concerns
globally. This book provides recent developments and comprehensive
knowledge to the researchers and academicians who are working on
uranium contaminated areas worldwide. This book covers topics
ranging from the beginning of the nuclear age until today,
including historical views and epidemiological studies. Modelling
practices and evaluation of radiological and chemical impact of
uranium on man and the environment are included. Also covered are
analytical methods used for the determination of uranium in geo/bio
environments. Some chapters explore factors which influence uranium
speciation and in consequence plant uptake/translocation. Last but
not least, several chapters provide approaches and practices for
remediation of uranium contaminated areas.
This book provides extensive and comprehensive knowledge to the
researchers/academics who are working in the field of cesium
contaminated sites, and the impact on plants. This book is also
helpful for graduate and undergraduate students who are
specializing in radioecology or safe disposal of radioactive waste,
remediation of legacies and the impact on the environment.
Radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs) was released into the environment as
a result of nuclear weapons testing in 1950s and 1960s (~1x1018
Bq), and later due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 (8.5x1016 Bq)
and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 (~1x1017 Bq).
137Cs is still of relevance due to its half-life of 30 years. The
study of radioisotope 137Cs is important, as production and
emission rates are high compared to other radioisotopes, due to
high fission yield and high volatility. This book contains original
work and reviews on how cesium is released into the environment on
translocation from soil to plants and further on to animals and
into the human food chain. Separate chapters focus on the effective
half-life of cesium in plants and on how different cultivars are
responding in accumulation of cesium. Other key chapters focus on
cesium impact on single cells to higher plants and also on
remediation measures as well as on basic mechanism used for
remedial options and analysis of transfer factors. The book rounds
off by contributions on cesium uptake and translocation and its
toxicity in plants after the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents.
This book provides an up-to-date overview of redox signaling in
plant cells and its key role in responses to different stresses.
The chapters, which are original works or reviews, focus on redox
signaling states; cellular tolerance under different biotic and
abiotic stresses; cellular redox homeostasis as a central
modulator; redox homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS);
redox balance in chloroplasts and mitochondria; oxidative stress
and its role in peroxisome homeostasis; glutathione-related enzyme
systems and metabolism under metal stress; and abiotic
stress-induced redox changes and programmed cell death. The book is
an invaluable source of information for plant scientists and
students interested in redox state chemistry and cellular tolerance
in plants.
This book provides extensive and comprehensive knowledge to
researchers and academics who work on strontium contaminated areas.
Topics covered include impact on plants and environment, as well as
remediation strategies. This book will inform graduate and
undergraduate students who are specializing in radioecology,
especially strontium uptake via soil to plants, safe disposal of
strontium waste, remediation legacies and impact of strontium waste
material on the natural and manmade environment. A broad overview
of reviews is provided covering a number of original publications
on strontium plant uptake, including case studies that present the
latest technological developments and future trends for
investigating strontium mobility in soil and treatment of strontium
contaminated areas.
This book provides detailed and comprehensive information on
oxidative damage caused by stresses in plants with especial
reference to the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In
plants, as in all aerobic organisms, ROS are common by-products
formed by the inevitable leakage of electrons onto O2 from the
electron transport activities located in chloroplasts,
mitochondria, peroxisomes and in plasma membranes or as a
consequence of various metabolic pathways confined in different
cellular loci. Environmental stresses such as heat, cold, drought,
salinity, heavy-metal toxicity, ozone and ultraviolet radiation as
well as pathogens/contagion attack lead to enhanced generation of
ROS in plants due to disruption of cellular homeostasis. ROS play a
dual role in plants; at low concentrations they act as signaling
molecules that facilitate several responses in plant cells,
including those promoted by biotic and abiotic agents. In
divergence, at high levels they cause damage to cellular
constituents triggering oxidative stress. In either case, small
antioxidant molecules and enzymes modulate the action of these
ambivalent species.
This book provides extensive and comprehensive knowledge to the
researchers/academics who are working in the field of cesium
contaminated sites, and the impact on plants. This book is also
helpful for graduate and undergraduate students who are
specializing in radioecology or safe disposal of radioactive waste,
remediation of legacies and the impact on the environment.
Radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs) was released into the environment as
a result of nuclear weapons testing in 1950s and 1960s (~1x1018
Bq), and later due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 (8.5x1016 Bq)
and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 (~1x1017 Bq).
137Cs is still of relevance due to its half-life of 30 years. The
study of radioisotope 137Cs is important, as production and
emission rates are high compared to other radioisotopes, due to
high fission yield and high volatility. This book contains original
work and reviews on how cesium is released into the environment on
translocation from soil to plants and further on to animals and
into the human food chain. Separate chapters focus on the effective
half-life of cesium in plants and on how different cultivars are
responding in accumulation of cesium. Other key chapters focus on
cesium impact on single cells to higher plants and also on
remediation measures as well as on basic mechanism used for
remedial options and analysis of transfer factors. The book rounds
off by contributions on cesium uptake and translocation and its
toxicity in plants after the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents.
This book provides an up-to-date overview of redox signaling in
plant cells and its key role in responses to different stresses.
The chapters, which are original works or reviews, focus on redox
signaling states; cellular tolerance under different biotic and
abiotic stresses; cellular redox homeostasis as a central
modulator; redox homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS);
redox balance in chloroplasts and mitochondria; oxidative stress
and its role in peroxisome homeostasis; glutathione-related enzyme
systems and metabolism under metal stress; and abiotic
stress-induced redox changes and programmed cell death. The book is
an invaluable source of information for plant scientists and
students interested in redox state chemistry and cellular tolerance
in plants.
This book provides extensive and comprehensive information to
researchers and academicians who are interested in radionuclide
contamination, its sources and environmental impact. It is also
useful for graduate and undergraduate students specializing in
radioactive-waste disposal and its impact on natural as well as
manmade environments. A number of sites are affected by large
legacies of waste from the mining and processing of radioactive
minerals. Over recent decades, several hundred radioactive isotopes
(radioisotopes) of natural elements have been produced
artificially, including 90Sr, 137Cs and 131I. Several other
anthropogenic radioactive elements have also been produced in large
quantities, for example technetium, neptunium, plutonium and
americium, although plutonium does occur naturally in trace amounts
in uranium ores. The deposition of radionuclides on vegetation and
soil, as well as the uptake from polluted aquifers (root uptake or
irrigation) are the initial point for their transfer into the
terrestrial environment and into food chains. There are two
principal deposition processes for the removal of pollutants from
the atmosphere: dry deposition is the direct transfer through
absorption of gases and particles by natural surfaces, such as
vegetation, whereas showery or wet deposition is the transport of a
substance from the atmosphere to the ground by snow, hail or rain.
Once deposited on any vegetation, radionuclides are removed from
plants by the airstre am and rain, either through percolation or by
cuticular scratch. The increase in biomass during plant growth does
not cause a loss of activity, but it does lead to a decrease in
activity concentration due to effective dilution. There is also
systemic transport (translocation) of radionuclides within the
plant subsequent to foliar uptake, leading the transfer of chemical
components to other parts of the plant that have not been
contaminated directly.
This book provides extensive and comprehensive information to
researchers and academicians who are interested in radionuclide
contamination, its sources and environmental impact. It is also
useful for graduate and undergraduate students specializing in
radioactive-waste disposal and its impact on natural as well as
manmade environments. A number of sites are affected by large
legacies of waste from the mining and processing of radioactive
minerals. Over recent decades, several hundred radioactive isotopes
(radioisotopes) of natural elements have been produced
artificially, including 90Sr, 137Cs and 131I. Several other
anthropogenic radioactive elements have also been produced in large
quantities, for example technetium, neptunium, plutonium and
americium, although plutonium does occur naturally in trace amounts
in uranium ores. The deposition of radionuclides on vegetation and
soil, as well as the uptake from polluted aquifers (root uptake or
irrigation) are the initial point for their transfer into the
terrestrial environment and into food chains. There are two
principal deposition processes for the removal of pollutants from
the atmosphere: dry deposition is the direct transfer through
absorption of gases and particles by natural surfaces, such as
vegetation, whereas showery or wet deposition is the transport of a
substance from the atmosphere to the ground by snow, hail or rain.
Once deposited on any vegetation, radionuclides are removed from
plants by the airstre am and rain, either through percolation or by
cuticular scratch. The increase in biomass during plant growth does
not cause a loss of activity, but it does lead to a decrease in
activity concentration due to effective dilution. There is also
systemic transport (translocation) of radionuclides within the
plant subsequent to foliar uptake, leading the transfer of chemical
components to other parts of the plant that have not been
contaminated directly.
This book provides detailed and comprehensive information on
oxidative damage caused by stresses in plants with especial
reference to the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In
plants, as in all aerobic organisms, ROS are common by-products
formed by the inevitable leakage of electrons onto O2 from the
electron transport activities located in chloroplasts,
mitochondria, peroxisomes and in plasma membranes or as a
consequence of various metabolic pathways confined in different
cellular loci. Environmental stresses such as heat, cold, drought,
salinity, heavy-metal toxicity, ozone and ultraviolet radiation as
well as pathogens/contagion attack lead to enhanced generation of
ROS in plants due to disruption of cellular homeostasis. ROS play a
dual role in plants; at low concentrations they act as signaling
molecules that facilitate several responses in plant cells,
including those promoted by biotic and abiotic agents. In
divergence, at high levels they cause damage to cellular
constituents triggering oxidative stress. In either case, small
antioxidant molecules and enzymes modulate the action of these
ambivalent species.
Plants possess a range of potential cellular mechanisms that may be
involved in the detoxification of heavy metals and thus tolerance
to metal stress. Metal toxicity causes multiple direct and indirect
effects in plants that concern practically all physiological
functions. The main purpose of this book is to present
comprehensive and concise information on recent advances in the
field of metal transport and how genetic diversity affects heavy
metal transport in plants. Other key futures of the book are
related to metal toxicity and detoxification mechanisms,
biochemical tools for HM remediation processes, molecular
mechanisms for HM detoxification, how metallomics and
metalloproteomics are affected by heavy metal stress in plants, and
the role of ROS metabolism in the alleviation of heavy metals. Some
chapters also focus on recent developments in the field of
phytoremediation. Overall the book presents in-depth information
and the most essential advances in the field of heavy metal
toxicity in plants in recent years.
Heavy metal accumulation in soil and water from natural sources or
anthropogenic activities have produced severe environmental
contamination in some parts of the world due to the persistence of
metals in the environment by their accumulation throughout the food
chain. The purpose of this book is to present the most recent
advances in this field, mainly concerning the uptake and
translocation of heavy metals in plants, mechanisms of toxicity,
perception of metal and regulation of cell response under metal
stress. Another key feature of this book is related to the studies
on signaling and remediation processes in recent years, which have
taken advantage of recent technological advances including "omic"
approaches. In recent years transcriptomic, proteomic and
metabolomic studies have become very important tools for analyzing
both the dynamics of changes in gene expression and the profiles of
protein and metabolites under heavy metal stress. This information
is also very useful for plotting the complex signaling and
metabolic network induced by heavy metals, in which hormones and
reactive oxygen species (ROS) also play an important role.
Understanding the mechanism involved in sequestration and
hyperaccumulation is very important to developing new strategies of
phytoremediation, which are reviewed in several chapters of this
book. The information included yields very stimulating insights
into the mechanism involved in the regulation of plant responses to
heavy metals, which in turn improve our knowledge of cell
regulation under metal stress and the use of plants for
phytoremediation.
Plants possess a range of potential cellular mechanisms that may be
involved in the detoxification of heavy metals and thus tolerance
to metal stress. Metal toxicity causes multiple direct and indirect
effects in plants that concern practically all physiological
functions. The main purpose of this book is to present
comprehensive and concise information on recent advances in the
field of metal transport and how genetic diversity affects heavy
metal transport in plants. Other key futures of the book are
related to metal toxicity and detoxification mechanisms,
biochemical tools for HM remediation processes, molecular
mechanisms for HM detoxification, how metallomics and
metalloproteomics are affected by heavy metal stress in plants, and
the role of ROS metabolism in the alleviation of heavy metals. Some
chapters also focus on recent developments in the field of
phytoremediation. Overall the book presents in-depth information
and the most essential advances in the field of heavy metal
toxicity in plants in recent years.
Heavy metal accumulation in soil and water from natural sources or
anthropogenic activities have produced severe environmental
contamination in some parts of the world due to the persistence of
metals in the environment by their accumulation throughout the food
chain. The purpose of this book is to present the most recent
advances in this field, mainly concerning the uptake and
translocation of heavy metals in plants, mechanisms of toxicity,
perception of metal and regulation of cell response under metal
stress. Another key feature of this book is related to the studies
on signaling and remediation processes in recent years, which have
taken advantage of recent technological advances including "omic"
approaches. In recent years transcriptomic, proteomic and
metabolomic studies have become very important tools for analyzing
both the dynamics of changes in gene expression and the profiles of
protein and metabolites under heavy metal stress. This information
is also very useful for plotting the complex signaling and
metabolic network induced by heavy metals, in which hormones and
reactive oxygen species (ROS) also play an important role.
Understanding the mechanism involved in sequestration and
hyperaccumulation is very important to developing new strategies of
phytoremediation, which are reviewed in several chapters of this
book. The information included yields very stimulating insights
into the mechanism involved in the regulation of plant responses to
heavy metals, which in turn improve our knowledge of cell
regulation under metal stress and the use of plants for
phytoremediation.
This book provides an authoritative review of the origin and
extraction of strontium and its impact on the environment. It also
presents the latest strontium decontamination and remediation
strategies. Around the globe, nuclear power is being recognized as
a major source of energy and is expected to play a crucial role in
meeting the energy requirements of present day society. However,
the pros and cons have to be considered, and the safe disposal of
large amounts of radionuclide wastes is becoming a matter of great
concern. These wastes encompass contaminants such as heavy metals
and toxic substances, which may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous
forms or a combination of these, and as such, their disposal
requires particular attention. The book focuses on 90Sr, which is a
predominant isotope of strontium and considered an intermediate
level radioactive waste with a half-life of 28.8 years, average
biological half-life of 18 years and 546 KeV decay energy. Written
by expert contributors, it addresses occurrence, detection and
extraction of strontium, the chemical and nuclear properties of
strontium isotopes, the fate and migration of strontium in soil,
its bioaccumulation, and its associated health impact, mechanistic
toxicity response as well as related regulation and remediation. It
appeals to scholars, scientists and environmental managers working
with strontium contamination in the environment and its
consequences.
This book describes nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
functions in higher plants. Much progress has been made in the
field of NO and H2O2 research regarding the various mechanisms and
functions of these two molecules, particularly regarding stress
tolerance and signaling processes, but there are still gaps to be
filled. NO and H2O2 are both crucial regulators of development, and
act as signaling molecules at each step of the plant lifecycle,
while also playing important roles in biotic and abiotic responses
to environmental cues. The book summarizes key advances in the
field of NO and H2O2 research, focusing on a range of processes
including: signaling, metabolism, seed germination, development,
sexual reproduction, fruit ripening, and defense.
This book offers extensive and comprehensive knowledge to the
researchers and academicians who are working on decontamination of
radioactively contaminated areas. Remediation strategies for
contaminated sites are provided. Readers who will find this book
useful include professionals specializing in radioecology, safe
disposal of radioactive waste, as well as decontamination,
remediation legacies and impact of radioactive waste material on
the environment. The chapters give a broad overview and reviews of
a number of original publications on remediation strategies that
were explored after the Chernobyl and Fukushima Nuclear Power plant
accidents. Useful case studies are provided that explore the latest
technological developments and future trends for affected area
decontamination.
Mangroves are one of the most productive and biologically important
blue-carbon ecosystems across the coastal intertidal zone of earth.
In the current scenario of serious environmental changes like
global warming, climate change, extreme natural disasters, mangrove
forests play a vital role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions
and maintaining ecosystem balance. Mangroves are unique ecosystems
with rich biological diversity of different taxonomic groups
exhibiting great ecological and commercial importance. The book
consolidates existing and emerging information on ecology of
mangroves, with a special reference to their biodiversity and
management. It emphasizes on the role of mangroves in providing
various ecological services. The book is a comprehensive
compilation covering all aspects of mangrove ecology. It is useful
for students and researchers in ecology, plants sciences and
environmental sciences.
This book provides an overview of the recent advancements for plant
scientists with a research focus on phytohormones and their
responses (nature, occurrence, and functions) in plant cells. This
book focuses on the role of phytohormones in biosynthesis, plant
sexual reproduction, seed germination and fruit development and
ripening. It further highlights the roles of different
phytohormones on signaling pathways as well as on
photoperiodism/Gravitropism/Thigmotropism. The volume also explores
the role of phytohormones in gene expression and plant melatonin
and serotonin and covers how plant hormones react in case of
stress/defence response (metals/metalloids/pathogen). Last but not
least, this volume also discusses phytohormones in the context of
new regulatory molecules such as Nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide,
melatonin.
Mangroves are one of the most productive and biologically important
blue-carbon ecosystems across the coastal intertidal zone of earth.
In the current scenario of serious environmental changes like
global warming, climate change, extreme natural disasters, mangrove
forests play a vital role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions
and maintaining ecosystem balance. Mangroves are unique ecosystems
with rich biological diversity of different taxonomic groups
exhibiting great ecological and commercial importance. The book
consolidates existing and emerging information on ecology of
mangroves, with a special reference to their biodiversity and
management. It emphasizes on the role of mangroves in providing
various ecological services. The book is a comprehensive
compilation covering all aspects of mangrove ecology. It is useful
for students and researchers in ecology, plants sciences and
environmental sciences.
This book provides an overview of the recent advancements for plant
scientists with a research focus on phytohormones and their
responses (nature, occurrence, and functions) in plant cells. This
book focuses on the role of phytohormones in biosynthesis, plant
sexual reproduction, seed germination and fruit development and
ripening. It further highlights the roles of different
phytohormones on signaling pathways as well as on
photoperiodism/Gravitropism/Thigmotropism. The volume also explores
the role of phytohormones in gene expression and plant melatonin
and serotonin and covers how plant hormones react in case of
stress/defence response (metals/metalloids/pathogen). Last but not
least, this volume also discusses phytohormones in the context of
new regulatory molecules such as Nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide,
melatonin.
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