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In 2011 the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health initiative
identified priorities that have the potential to make a significant
impact on the lives of people with mental, neurological, and
substance use disorders. Reduction of the cost and improvement of
the supply of effective medicines was highlighted as one of the top
five challenges. For low- and middle-income countries, improving
access to appropriate essential medicines can be a tremendous
challenge and a critical barrier to scaling up quality care for
mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of
cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines has the
potential to significantly impact the lives of patients with these
disorders. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental,
Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa is
the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine
Neuroscience Forum in January 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to
discuss opportunities for achieving long-term affordable access to
medicines for these disorders. This report examines challenges and
opportunities for improving access to essential medicines in four
critical areas: demand, selection, supply chains, and financing and
pricing. The report also discusses successful activities that
increase access to essential medicines both within Sub-Saharan
Africa and in other developing countries, and considers the role of
governments, nongovernmental organizations, and private groups in
procurement of essential medicines for mental, neurological, and
substance use disorders. Table of Contents Front Matter 1
Introduction and Overview 2 Challenge: Insufficient Demand 3
Challenge: Inappropriate Selection 4 Challenge: Ineffective Supply
Chains 5 Challenge: High Pricing and Poor Financing 6 Perspectives
on Next Steps Appendix A: Access to Essential Medicines: Program
Examples Appendix B: References Appendix C: Workshop Agenda
Appendix D: Registered Attendees
For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been
instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new
medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases.
However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered
chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute
of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council,
conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for
chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The
committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable
animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of
chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to
predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may
necessitate chimpanzees in the future.
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