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Urban land is developed, utilised, abandoned and left to degradation in many different ways. These processes are closely related to four aspects of human activities: the extraction of resources, their transformation into goods, the production of waste and the conflicts that arise when population grows and demands increase while resources remain limited. Urban land is developed and deteriorates in the course of these activities, while cities keep spreading, consuming the green spaces surrounding them. Sustainable city development aims at protecting the environment by reusing urban terrain. The author brings together the different aspects of this transdisciplinary endeavour by discussing the causes of degradation, the strategies of investigation and the techniques of remediation of urban land.
This book explains and illustrates how Indonesia as the largest and most populous country in Southeast Asia can become independent of fossil fuels by both reducing its energy needs and using renewable resources. A study presented in this work focuses on the Maluku Archipelago in eastern Indonesia with Ambon as its capital. Conventional energy is brought to the islands over long distances by partly simple means as boats, ships and aircrafts. This unsustainable situation calls for a decentralized renewable energy supply strategy. Based on the research presented in this book, it is clear that the archipelago has the potential to become a so-called plus-minus region. Plus-minus regions are regions that produce more renewable energy than they need and capture more CO2 than they emit. The authors are convinced that the presented strategy illustrated on the Maluku Archipelago can be transferred to other regions of the world and that only by developing plus-minus regions the international 2 DegreesC climate goal can be achieved. The model region thus serves as proof that the plus-minus target can also be achieved in emerging countries with limited financial resources.
Die Geowissenschaften befassen sich mit dem System Erde. Dazu gehoren ne- ben den Vorgangen im Erdinneren vor allem auch jene Vorgange, die an der Erdoberflache, der Schnittstelle von Atmo-, Hydro-, Pedo-, Litho- und Biospha- re auftreten. Alle Spharen sind nur sehr vordergriindig betrachtet singulare und damit klar voneinander abgrenzbare Einheiten. Sowohl die chemische Zusam- mensetzung ineinem Systemkompartimentals auch dieTransport- und Reaktions- vorgange darin sind abhangig von den jeweiligen Wechselwirkungen mit den benachbarten Kompartimenten und deren Strukturen. Gleichzeitig sind wir mit sehr hoch variablen zeitlichen Dimensionen konfron- tiert. Von gebirgsbildenden Prozessen im MaBstab von Jahrmillionen iiber die Genese von Boden innerhalb von Jahrhunderten und Jahrtausenden bis hin zu Wechselwirkungen zwischen Sickerwasser und Bodenkrume oder Molekiilen in der Troposphare innerhalb von Nanosekunden treffen nahezu beliebige Raum- Zeit-Dimensionen aufeinander. Fur Wissensdurstige erwachst daraus zwangs- laufig die Notwendigkeit, sich dieser gegebenenVieldimensionalitatanzupassen - kein einfacherAnspruch. Nicht weniger anspruchsvoll istes, dieWechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Spha- ren und dem Wirken der Menschen zu erfassen und qualitativ wie quantitativ zu bewerten. Wie in den Biowissenschaften wird auch in den Erdwissenschaften zunehmend erkannt, dass es hierzu der eingehenden Systembetrachtungbedarf.
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Roger Hargreaves, Adam Hargreaves
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