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Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM, also known as NSOM)
is a new local probe technique with a resolving power of 10--50 nm.
Not being limited by diffraction, near-field optics (NFO) opens new
perspectives for optical characterization and the understanding of
optical phenomena, in particular in biology, microelectronics and
materials science. SNOM, after first demonstrations in '83/'84, has
undergone a rapid development in the past two to four years. The
increased interest has been largely stimulated by the wealth of
optical properties that can be investigated and the growing
importance of characterization on the nanometer scale in general.
Examples include the use of fluorescence, birefrigence and plasmon
effects for applications in particular in biology, microelectronics
and materials science, to name just a few. This volume emerged from
the first international meeting devoted exclusively to NFO, and
comprises a complete survey of the 1992 activities in the field, in
particular the variety of instrumental techniques that are
currently being explored, the demonstration of the imaging
capabilities as well as theoretical interpretations - a highly
nontrivial task. The comprehensive collection of papers devoted to
these and related subjects make the book a valuable tool for
anybody interested in near-field optics.
The invention ofthe laser 25years ago resulted in powerfullight
sources which led to the observation of unexpected and striking
phenomena. New fields of science such as holography and nonlinear
optics developed constituting the basis of this volume. The
classical principle of linear superposition of light wavesdoes not
hold anymore. Two laser beams crossing in a suitable material may
produce a set of new beams with different directions and
frequencies. The interaction of light waves can be understood by
considering the optical grating structures which develop in the
overlap region. The optical properties of matter become spatially
modulated in the interference region of two light waves. Permanent
holographic gratings have been produced in this way by photographic
processes for many years. In contrast, dynamic or transient
gratings disappear after the inducing light source, usually a
laser, has been switched off. The grating amplitude is controlled
by the light intensity. Dynamic gratings have been induced in a
large number ofsolids, liquids, and gases, and are detected by
diffraction, 'forced light scattering' of a third probing beam, or
by self-diffraction of the light waves inducing the grating. The
combined interference and diffraction effect corresponds to
four-wave mixing (FWM) in the language of nonlinear optics. The
process is called degenerate ifthe frequenciesofthe three incident
wavesand the scattered wave are equal. Degenerate four-wave mixing
(DFWM) is a simple method to achieve phase conjugation, i.e. to
generate a wave which propagates time reversed with respect to an
incident wave.
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