The flow of capital to Third World countries in recent years has been less than expected for realizing their growth objectives. As a consequence, efforts have been redoubled to attract capital in the form of direct investment. The World Bank has proposed the establishment of a multilateral guarantee scheme, encompassing as many investing and host countries as possible, to reduce the risks associated with overseas investment.The authors analyze and comment on the necessity and suitability of the World Bank proposal. They examine earlier proposals for setting up multi lateral guarantee schemes and the reasons for their failure, develop an eco nomic frame of reference for analyzing the new proposal, describe and examine the World Bank plan, and present alternatives to it. They pay particular attention to two major assumptions of the plan: that additional foreign investment capital for developing countries could be mobilized on a large scale if the investment risks were reduced, and that existing national insurance schemes display shortcomings that could be avoided in a multilateral system.

In 1934, Lewis Mumford critiqued the industrial energy system as a key source of authoritarian economic and political tendencies in modern life. Recent debate continues to engage issues of energy authoritarianism, focusing on the contest between energy-driven globalization (the spread of energy deregulation and the simultaneous consolidation of the oil, coal, and gas industries) and the so-called "sustainable energy" strategy that celebrates the local and community scale characteristics of renewable energy. Including theoretical inquiries and case studies by distinguished writers, Transforming Power is divided into three parts: Energy, Environment, and Society; The Politics of Conventional Energy; and The Politics of Sustainable Energy. It interrogates current contemporary energy assumptions, exploring the reflexive relationship between energy, environment, and society, and examining energy as a social project. Some of these have promised a prosperous future founded upon technological advances that further modernize the modern energy system, such as "inherently safe" nuclear power, environmentally friendly coal gasification, and the advent of a wealthier, cleaner world powered by fuel cells; and the "green technologies," said by advocates to prefigure a revival of human scale development, local self-determination, and a commitment to ecological balance. br This volume offers a timely engagement of the social issues surrounding energy conflicts and contradictions. It will be of interest to policymakers, energy and environmental experts, sociologists, and historians of technology.

The flow of capital to Third World countries in recent years has been less than expected for realizing their growth objectives. As a consequence, efforts have been redoubled to attract capital in the form of direct investment. The World Bank has proposed the establishment of a multilateral guarantee scheme, encompassing as many investing and host countries as possible, to reduce the risks associated with overseas investment.The authors analyze and comment on the necessity and suitability of the World Bank proposal. They examine earlier proposals for setting up multi lateral guarantee schemes and the reasons for their failure, develop an eco nomic frame of reference for analyzing the new proposal, describe and examine the World Bank plan, and present alternatives to it. They pay particular attention to two major assumptions of the plan: that additional foreign investment capital for developing countries could be mobilized on a large scale if the investment risks were reduced, and that existing national insurance schemes display shortcomings that could be avoided in a multilateral system.

First published in 1986. The abolition of regional disparities is one of the main targets of Indonesian economic policy. Within the scope of the Indonesian-German Technical Cooperation the East Kalimantan Transmigration Area Development Project (TAD) is intended to contribute to supporting this policy. This study was carried out to support this work - as a first step to gain relevant information. The report is based on interviews with transmigrant families. They were made before transmigration in the so-called 'transitos' in Java and Bali and after transmigration in eight settlements in Riau and East Kalimantan.

In 1934, Lewis Mumford critiqued the industrial energy system as a key source of authoritarian economic and political tendencies in modern life. Recent debate continues to engage issues of energy authoritarianism, focusing on the contest between energy-driven globalization (the spread of energy deregulation and the simultaneous consolidation of the oil, coal, and gas industries) and the so-called "sustainable energy" strategy that celebrates the local and community scale characteristics of renewable energy. Including theoretical inquiries and case studies by distinguished writers, Transforming Power is divided into three parts: Energy, Environment, and Society; The Politics of Conventional Energy; and The Politics of Sustainable Energy. It interrogates current contemporary energy assumptions, exploring the reflexive relationship between energy, environment, and society, and examining energy as a social project. Some of these have promised a prosperous future founded upon technological advances that further modernize the modern energy system, such as "inherently safe" nuclear power, environmentally friendly coal gasification, and the advent of a wealthier, cleaner world powered by fuel cells; and the "green technologies," said by advocates to prefigure a revival of human scale development, local self-determination, and a commitment to ecological balance.
This volume offers a timely engagement of the social issues surrounding energy conflicts and contradictions. It will be of interest to policymakers, energy and environmental experts, sociologists, and historians of technology. John Byrne is director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (CEEP) and Distinguished Professor of Public Policy at the University of Delaware. Noah Toly is a research associate and Ph.D. candidate in the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy at the University of Delaware. Leigh Glover is policy fellow and assistant professor in the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy at the University of Delaware.

1. Die wachsende Lucke "Die Armen werden immer armer, und die Reichen werden immer reicher!" Dieses Wort scheint heute - uber hundert Jahre nach Karl Marx - eine seltsame Bestatigung in dem Verhaltnis der Entwick- lungslander zu den Industrielandern zu finden. Denn trotz intensi- ver Anstrengungen auf beiden Seiten weitet sich die Kluft zwischen diesen Landergruppen immer mehr aus. Umfangreiche Massnahmen und Hilfsprogramme der Industrielander konnten die hochgespann- ten Hoffnungen nicht erfullen. Das gilt insbesondere fur die Erfolge des von den Vereinten Nationen mit weltweiter Gultigkeit am 19. 12. 1961 verabschiedete "Erste Jahrzehnt der Entwicklungs- hilfe. " Fur dieses Jahrzehnt hatte man sich zwei konkrete Ziele gesetzt: erstens eine jahrliche Mindestwachstumsrate des Bruttosozialpro- dukts in den Entwicklungslandern von 5 % bis zum Ende des J ahr- zehnts und zweitens die UEbertragung von I % des Sozialprodukts der Industrielander an die Entwicklungslander zum Zwecke der Ent- wicklungshilfe. Das waren Ziele, die in Anbetracht der wirtschaftli- chen Situation in den meisten Entwicklungslandern als durchaus massvoll und bescheiden anzusehen gewesen sind. Aber trotz ihrer Realitatsnahe konnten sie nur teilweise erreicht werden. Die anfanglich fast verwirklichten Zuwachsraten des Bruttoso- zialprodukts wurden erst in den letzten Jahren erreicht, und die Hilfe der Industrielander wuchs nicht von einem Rinnsal zu dem er- hofften stetigen und breiten Kapitalstrom an. Die Hilfeleistungen 1 der DAC-Staaten stiegen zwar von 1960 bis 1970 von 8,1 auf 15 Mrd. US-$ (netto), sanken aber, gemessen am Bruttosozialprodukt, von 0,89 auf 0,76 %.