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When data consist of grouped observations or clusters, and there is
a risk that measurements within the same group are not independent,
group-specific random effects can be added to a regression model in
order to account for such within-group associations. Regression
models that contain such group-specific random effects are called
mixed-effects regression models, or simply mixed models. Mixed
models are a versatile tool that can handle both balanced and
unbalanced datasets and that can also be applied when several
layers of grouping are present in the data; these layers can either
be nested or crossed. In linguistics, as in many other fields, the
use of mixed models has gained ground rapidly over the last decade.
This methodological evolution enables us to build more
sophisticated and arguably more realistic models, but, due to its
technical complexity, also introduces new challenges. This volume
brings together a number of promising new evolutions in the use of
mixed models in linguistics, but also addresses a number of common
complications, misunderstandings, and pitfalls. Topics that are
covered include the use of huge datasets, dealing with non-linear
relations, issues of cross-validation, and issues of model
selection and complex random structures. The volume features
examples from various subfields in linguistics. The book also
provides R code for a wide range of analyses.
When data consist of grouped observations or clusters, and there is
a risk that measurements within the same group are not independent,
group-specific random effects can be added to a regression model in
order to account for such within-group associations. Regression
models that contain such group-specific random effects are called
mixed-effects regression models, or simply mixed models. Mixed
models are a versatile tool that can handle both balanced and
unbalanced datasets and that can also be applied when several
layers of grouping are present in the data; these layers can either
be nested or crossed. In linguistics, as in many other fields, the
use of mixed models has gained ground rapidly over the last decade.
This methodological evolution enables us to build more
sophisticated and arguably more realistic models, but, due to its
technical complexity, also introduces new challenges. This volume
brings together a number of promising new evolutions in the use of
mixed models in linguistics, but also addresses a number of common
complications, misunderstandings, and pitfalls. Topics that are
covered include the use of huge datasets, dealing with non-linear
relations, issues of cross-validation, and issues of model
selection and complex random structures. The volume features
examples from various subfields in linguistics. The book also
provides R code for a wide range of analyses.
Cognitive Sociolinguistics is a novel and burgeoning field of
research which seeks to foster investigation into the
socio-cognitive dimensions of language at a usage-based level.
Advances in Cognitive Sociolinguistics brings together ten studies
into the social and conceptual aspects of language-internal
variation. All ten contributions rely on a firm empirical basis in
the form of advanced corpus-based techniques, experimental methods
and survey-based research, or a combination of these. The search
for methods that may adequately unravel the complex and
multivariate dimensions intervening in the interplay between
conceptual meaning and variationist factors is thus another
characteristic of the volume. In terms of its descriptive scope,
the volume covers three main areas: lexical and lexical-semantic
variation, constructional variation, and research on lectal
attitudes and acquisition. It thus illustrates how Cognitive
Sociolinguistics studies both the variation of meaning, and the
meaning of variation.
Cognitive Linguistics has given a major impetus to the study of
semantics and the lexicon. The present volume brings together
seventeen previously published papers that testify to the
fruitfulness of Cognitive Linguistics for the study of lexical and
semantic topics. Spanning the period from the late 1980s to recent
years, the collection features a number of papers that may be
considered classics within the field of cognitive linguistic
lexicology. The papers are grouped in thematic sections. The first
section deals with prototypicality as a theoretical and practical
model of semantic description. The second section discusses
polysemy and criteria for distinguishing between meanings. The
third section tackles questions of meaning description beyond the
level of words, on the level of idioms and constructions. The
following section casts the net even wider, dealing with the
cultural aspects of meaning. Moving away from the theoretical and
descriptive perspective towards applied concerns, the fifth section
looks at lexicography from the point of view of Cognitive
Linguistics. The final section has a metatheoretical orientation:
it discusses the history and methodology of lexical semantics. Each
paper is preceded by a newly written introduction that situates the
text against the period in which it was first published, but that
also points to further developments, in the author's own research
or in Cognitive Linguistics at large. The variety of topics dealt
with make this book an excellent introduction to the broad field of
lexicological and lexical semantic research.
The significant advances witnessed over the last years in the broad
field of linguistic variation testify to a growing convergence
between sociolinguistic approaches and the somewhat older
historical and comparative research traditions. Particularly within
cognitive and functional linguistics, the evolution towards a
maximally dynamic approach to language goes hand in hand with a
renewed interest in corpus research and quantitative methods of
analysis. Many researchers feel that only in this way one can do
justice to the complex interaction of forces and factors involved
in linguistic variability, both synchronically and diachronically.
The contributions to the present volume illustrate the ongoing
evolution of the field. By bringing together a series of analyses
that rely on extensive corpuses to shed light on sociolinguistic,
historical, and comparative forms of variation, the volume
highlights the interaction between these subfields. Most of the
contributions go back to talks presented at the meeting of the
Societas Linguistica Europaea held in Leuven in 2001. The volume
starts with a global typological view on the sociolinguistic
landscape of Europe offered by Peter Auer. It is followed by a
methodological proposal for measuring phonetic similarity between
dialects designed by Paul Heggarty, April McMahon, and Robert
McMahon. Various papers deal with specific phenomena of socially
and conceptually driven variation within a single language. For
Dutch, Jose Tummers, Dirk Speelman, and Dirk Geeraerts analyze
inflectional variation in Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch, Reinhild
Vandekerckhove focuses on interdialectal convergence between
West-Flemish urban dialects, and Arjan van Leuvensteijn studies
competing forms of address in the 17th century Dutch standard
variety. The cultural and conceptual dimension is also present in
the diachronic lexicosemantic explorations presented by Heli
Tissari, Clara Molina, and Caroline Gevaert for English expressions
referring to the experiential domains of love, sorrow and anger,
respectively: the history of words is systematically linked up with
the images they convey and the evolving conceptualizations they
reveal. The papers by Heide Wegener and by Marcin Kilarski and
Grzegorz Krynicki constitute a plea against arbitrariness of
alternations at the level of nominal morphology: dealing with
marked plural forms in German, and with gender assignment to
English loanwords in the Scandinavian languages, respectively,
their distributional accounts bring into the picture a variety of
motivating factors. The four cross-linguistic studies that close
the volume focus on the differing ways in which even closely
related languages exploit parallel morphosyntactic patterns. They
share the same methodological concern for combining rigorous
parametrization and quantification with conceptual and
discourse-functional explanations. While Griet Beheydt and Katleen
Van den Steen confront the use of formally defined competing
constructions in two Germanic and two Romance languages,
respectively, Torsten Leuschner as well as Gisela Harras and
Kirsten Proost analyze how a particular speaker's attitude is
expressed differently in various Germanic languages.
Theories of Lexical Semantics offers a comprehensive overview of
the major traditions of word meaning research in linguistics. In
spite of the growing importance of the lexicon in linguistic
theory, no overview of the main theoretical trends in lexical
semantics is currently available. This book fills that gap by
charting the evolution of the discipline from the mid nineteenth
century to the present day. It presents the main ideas, the
landmark publications, and the dominant figures of five traditions:
historical-philological semantics, structuralist semantics,
generativist semantics, neostructuralist semantics, and cognitive
semantics. The theoretical and methodological relationship between
the approaches is a major point of attention throughout the text:
going well beyond a mere chronological enumeration, the book does
not only describe the theoretical currents of lexical semantics,
but also the undercurrents that have shaped its evolution.
Diachronic Prototype Semantics is concerned with the theory of explanation of changes in word meaning. The author demonstrates the explanatory value of the prototype model of meaning, in which the distinction between central and peripheral senses of a word is crucial.
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