This book arises from a conference held in November 1996 designed to examine how competence can be improved in the different stages ofthe lifespan. To this end, we brought together eminent researchers in different areas of human development-infancy, childhood, and adulthood, including the late adult years. The conference was based on the premise that discussion arising from the interfaces of research and practice would increase our knowledge of and stimulate the further application of effective interventions designed to improve competence. The editors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Concordia University and the Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l'Aide a la Recherche (FCAR) in providing funding and other assistance toward the conference "Improving Competence Across the Lifespan" and toward the publication of this book. Finally, we wish to express our gratitude to the numerous students associated with our Centre for their help and to Gail Pitts and Lesley Husband of the Centre for Research in Human Development for their assistance. We are especially grateful to Donna Craven, Centre for Research in Human Development, for her heroic work on both the conference and the present volume. We could not have met our goals without you.

This book arises from a conference held in November 1996 designed to examine how competence can be improved in the different stages ofthe lifespan. To this end, we brought together eminent researchers in different areas of human development-infancy, childhood, and adulthood, including the late adult years. The conference was based on the premise that discussion arising from the interfaces of research and practice would increase our knowledge of and stimulate the further application of effective interventions designed to improve competence. The editors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Concordia University and the Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l'Aide a la Recherche (FCAR) in providing funding and other assistance toward the conference "Improving Competence Across the Lifespan" and toward the publication of this book. Finally, we wish to express our gratitude to the numerous students associated with our Centre for their help and to Gail Pitts and Lesley Husband of the Centre for Research in Human Development for their assistance. We are especially grateful to Donna Craven, Centre for Research in Human Development, for her heroic work on both the conference and the present volume. We could not have met our goals without you.

Psychologists and philosophers have both asked a fundamental question about the human experience -- what is the best way to live -- but have employed different methods of inquiry. Psychological research into this question has taken the form of empirical investigations in three main domains: (1) how wise and competent people live their lives; (2) the values that are embodied in the actions of wise people; and (3) the psychological benefits that come from following different values. Philosophical methods of inquiry, based on appeals to lived experience as presented anecdotally, through literature, and through analysis at the conceptual level, provide complementary ways of understanding wisdom and the values embedded therein. This chapter provides an integrative review combining empirical research related to wisdom and its inherent values with an analysis of wisdom and values from the philosophical tradition with a focus on Aristotelian virtue theory. The content includes both reviews of relevant literature and results from original data sets, illustrates the values inherent in both the psychological and philosophical approaches, and highlights the commonalities as well as current differences between these two methods of inquiry.