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Parkinson's disease becomes apparent only after substantial loss
(>60%) of the dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. By this
time there has already been widespread neural inclusion formation
in the peripheral and central nervous system of patients with the
disease, although this has only been recognized more recently.
Degeneration in these widespread regions of the peripheral and
central nervous system is now known to impact on disease symptoms,
progression and treatment over time. This book aims to provide a
comprehensive review of these non-dopamine lesions in Parkinson's
disease by assessing our current knowledge of their presence and
pathophysiology, how they relate to different symptoms and, where
relevant, discuss how they may be potentially treated. The book
addresses most of the known symptoms that occur in patients with
Parkinson's disease. In addition to the classic motor triad, motor
speech, eye movements, olfactory dysfunction, autonomic
dysfunction, pain and sensory abnormalities, sleep disturbances,
depression and apathy, dopamine dysregulation syndromes,
hallucinations and psychoses, cognitive impairment and dementia,
and systemic manifestations are all reviewed. Early selective cell
loss in non-dopaminergic regions is highlighted (the glutamate
projection neurons of the presupplementary motor cortex and caudal
intralaminar thalamus) in addition to the widespread inclusion
formation in many regions outside the basal ganglia that
characterize the disease. Overall this book provides a
comprehensive analysis of the lesions associated with the most
common symptoms found in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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