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A HISTORY OF CYNICISM- From Diogenes to the 6 th Century A. D. by
DONALD R. DUDLEY. Contents include: INTRODUCTION ix I ANTISTHENES.
NO DIRECT CONNEXION WITH CYNICS. HIS ETHICS I II DIOGENES AND HIS
ASSOCIATES 17 a DIOGENES IN LITERARY TRADITIONLIFE THOUGHT b
ONESICRATUS 39 c MONIMUS 40 d CRATES LIFE WRITINGS CRATES AND
HIPPARCHIA 42 III 9 CYNICISM IN THE THIRD CENTURY B. C. 59 a BION
62 b MENIPPUS 69 c CERCIDAS 74 d TELES 84 e CYNIC EDUCATIONAL
THEORY, ETC. 87 IV CYNICISM AND THE PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS IN THE
THIRD CENTURY 95 a THE MEGARIANS 95 b ZENO 96 c ARISTON IOO d
HEDONISTS IO3 e EPICUREANS I O6 TIMON 107 V CYNIC INFLUENCE ON
HELLENISTIC LITERATURE IIO VI CYNICISM IN THE SECOND AND FIRST
CENTURIES B. C. 117 VII DEMETRIUS. THE PHILOSOPHIC OPPOSITION IN
THE FIRST CENTURY A. D. 125 vii viii A HISTORY OF CYNICISM CHAP.
PAGf VIII CYNICISM IN THE SECOND CENTURY A. D. 143 a GENERAL
CHARACTER 143 b DIG CHRYSOSTOM 148 c DEMONAX 158 d OENOMAUS l62 e
PEREGRINUS 170 MINOR FIGURES 1 82 IX CYNICISM AND THE PHILOSOPHIC
SCHOOLS IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES A. D. 1 86 a PHILO b
CYNICS AND STOICS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE c FAVORINUS d MAXIMUS X
CYNICISM FROM THE THIRD TO THE SIXTH CENTURIES A. D. 2, Q2 a JULIAN
AND THE CYNICS b MAXIMUS c ASTERIUS d SALLUSTIUS EPILOGUE 209
APPENDICES 215 INDEX 223. INTRODUCTION: THE Emperor Julian,
speaking of the Cynic philosophy, says that it has been practised
in all ages ... it does not need any special study, one need only
hearken to the god of Delphi when he enjoins the precepts know
thyself and alter the currency . In claiming the Delphic god as the
founder of Cynicism Julian is guilty of an obvious anachronism for
Cynicism cannot be shown to antedateDiogenes of Sinope. But from
the fourth century B. C. Cynicism endured to the last days of the
ancient world Cynics were common in the days of Augustine they may
have been known in the Empire of Byzantium. Long life is not of
itself a criterion of worth and it cannot be denied that Cynicism
survived when much of immeasurably greater intellectual value
perished. To the student of ancient philosophy there is in Cynicism
scarcely more than a rudimentary and debased version of the ethics
of Socrates, which exaggerates his austerity to a fanatic
asceticism, hardens his irony to sardonic laughter at the follies
of man kind, and affords no parallel to his genuine love of
knowledge. Well might Plato have said of the first and greatest
Cynic, That man is Socrates gone mad. But to the student of social
history, and of ancient thought as distinct from philosophy, there
is much of interest in Cynicism...
A HISTORY OF CYNICISM From Diogenes to the 6 th Century A. D. by
DONALD R. DUDLEY. PREFACE THE research of which this book is the
outcome was mainly carried out at St. Johns College, Cambridge,
Yale University, and Edinburgh University. In the help so
generously given to my work I have been no less fortunate than in
the scenes in which it was pursued. I am much indebted for
criticism and advice to Professor M. Rostovtseff and Professor E.
R. Goodonough of Yale, to Professor A. E. Taylor of Edinburgh, to
Professor F. M. Cornford of Cambridge, to Professor J. L. Stocks of
Liverpool, and to Dr. W. H. Semple of Reading. I should also like
to thank the electors of the Henry Fund for enabling me to visit
the United States, and the College Council of St. Johns for
electing me to a Research Fellowship. Finally, to the unfailing
interest, advice and encouragement of Mr. M. P. Charlesworth of St.
Johns I owe an especial debt which I can hardly hope to repay.
These acknowledgements do not exhaust the list of my obligations
but I hope that other kindnesses have been acknowledged either in
the text or privately. D. R. D. CAMBRIDGE March, CONTENTS CHAP.
PAGE INTRODUCTION ix I ANTISTHENES. NO DIRECT CONNEXION WITH
CYNICS. HIS ETHICS I II DIOGENES AND HIS ASSOCIATES 17 a DIOGENES
IN LITERARY TRADITIONLIFE THOUGHT b ONESICRATUS 39 c MONIMUS 40 d
CRATES LIFE WRITINGS CRATES AND HIPPARCHIA 42 III 9 CYNICISM IN THE
THIRD CENTURY B. C. 59 a BION 62 b MENIPPUS 69 c CERCIDAS 74 d
TELES 84 e CYNIC EDUCATIONAL THEORY, ETC. 87 IV CYNICISM AND THE
PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOLS IN THE THIRD CENTURY 95 a THE MEGARIANS 95 b
ZENO 96 c ARISTON IOO d HEDONISTS IO3 e EPICUREANS I O6 TIMON 107 V
CYNIC INFLUENCE ON HELLENISTICLITERATURE IIO VI CYNICISM IN THE
SECOND AND FIRST CENTURIES B. C. 117 VII DEMETRIUS. THE PHILOSOPHIC
OPPOSITION IN THE FIRST CENTURY A. D. 125 vii viii A HISTORY OF
CYNICISM CHAP. PAGf VIII CYNICISM IN THE SECOND CENTURY A. D. 143 a
GENERAL CHARACTER 143 b DIG CHRYSOSTOM 148 c DEMONAX 158 d OENOMAUS
l62 e PEREGRINUS 170 MINOR FIGURES 1 82 IX CYNICISM AND THE
PHILOSOPHIC SCHOOLS IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES A. D. 1 86 a
PHILO b CYNICS AND STOICS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE c FAVORINUS d MAXIMUS
X CYNICISM FROM THE THIRD TO THE SIXTH CENTURIES A. D. 2, Q2 a
JULIAN AND THE CYNICS b MAXIMUS c ASTERIUS d SALLUSTIUS EPILOGUE
209 APPENDICES 215 INDEX 223 INTRODUCTION THE Emperor Julian,
speaking of the Cynic philosophy, says that it has been practised
in all ages ... it does not need any special study, one need only
hearken to the god of Delphi when he enjoins the precepts know
thyself and alter the currency . In claiming the Delphic god as the
founder of Cynicism Julian is guilty of an obvious anachronism for
Cynicism cannot be shown to antedate Diogenes of Sinope. But from
the fourth century B. C. Cynicism endured to the last days of the
ancient world Cynics were common in the days of Augustine they may
have been known in the Empire of Byzantium. Long life is not of
itself a criterion of worth and it cannot be denied that Cynicism
survived when much of immeasurably greater intellectual value
perished. To the student of ancient philosophy there is in Cynicism
scarcely more than a rudimentary and debased version of the ethics
of Socrates, which exaggerates his austerity to a fanatic
asceticism, hardens his irony to sardonic laughter at the follies
of man kind, and affords no parallel to hisgenuine love of
knowledge. Well might Plato have said of the first and greatest
Cynic, That man is Socrates gone mad. But to the student of social
history, and of ancient thought as distinct from philosophy, there
is much of interest in Cynicism...
To the student of ancient philosophy Cynicism may seem little more
than a debased version of the ethics of Socrates, which exaggerates
his austerity to a fanatic asceticism, hardens his irony to
sardonic laughter at the follies of mankind, and affords no
parallel to his love of knowledge. Diogenes was 'Socrates gone
mad'. On the other hand, for the student of ancient social history
and thought from the 4thcentury BC to the close of antiquity, and
even beyond, the mind-set of cynicism is still a constant or
ever-recurring theme.
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