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This book discusses how bureaucracy, professionalism, and the
research system could be altered so that they might structure
actions in more defensible and desirable ways. It focuses on one
discipline, such as philosophy, sociology, mathematics, or physics.
In the world of Aristotle, the education of individuals might have
led to virtuous action. But today, integrity of action also
requires the education of institutions. Those very structures
designed to enhance the just use of knowledge too often stand
instead as barriers to integrity. Bureaucracy shapes our actions in
a manner reflective of a Platonic approach to knowledge and the
political order-an approach that labels some as "true knowers" and
grants them the ultimate power to decide what is to be done.
Professionalism, the institution with which we legitimatize and use
expertise, imbues our actions with the Aquinian belief that any
disobedience of directives from reigning experts risks
(unacceptably) the loss of order. In our research system,
representing our main collective effort to generate new knowledge,
we unwittingly put into practice Hume's conception of knowledge,
which takes the outcomes of science to be an accumulation of facts,
and John Stuart Mill's political theory, which overlooks the role
of community in the lives of individuals. The stakes are high,
argues Dr. Kerr. Given these conceptions of knowledge and the
political values that are inherent in our primary modes of
knowledge utilization-conceptions that we should not embrace-only
with fundamental reforms of our institutions can our society hope
to gain integrity. Dr. Kerr discusses how bureaucracy,
professionalism, and the research system could be altered so that
they might structure actions in more defensible and desirable ways.
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