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Sir John St. Clair served as the Deputy Quartermaster General for
General Edward Braddock during his campaign to capture Fort
Duquesne at the Forks of the Ohio in 1755. St. Clair had great
responsibilities for the Braddock Campaign, and he was the first
British Deputy Quartermaster General to serve in North America in
its history. The traditional interpretation of the campaign is that
Braddock was old, slow, conservative, a martinet, focused upon
discipline of his soldiers, poorly versed in tactics, uninterested
in his soldiers or their welfare, logistically naive, unwilling to
cooperate with the colonists, and disdainful of the specific
conditions on the Virginia frontier. A virtual litany of
logistical, military and leadership crimes has been laid at
Braddock's feet. The St. Clair correspondence that comprises the
core of this study of the Braddock Campaign presents a radically
different interpretation of General Braddock. This study further
presents a study of St. Clair's role as Quartermaster on the
subsequent, and successful, 1758 Campaign by Brigadier General John
Forbes against Fort Duquesne. This new transcription of St. Clair's
correspondence offers, for the first time, the possibility to
perform a comprehensive study of the logistics that facilitated
both the Braddock and Forbes Campaign.
In 1760, General Jeffery Amherst led the British campaign that
captured Montreal and began the end of French colonial rule in
North America. All Canada in the Hands of the British is a detailed
account of Amherst's successful military strategy and soldiers'
experiences on both sides. Newly promoted general Jeffery Amherst
took command of British forces in North America in 1759 and soon
secured victories at Fort Duquesne, Louisbourg, Quebec, Fort
Ticonderoga, and Niagara. In 1760 William Pitt, head of the British
government, commanded Amherst to eliminate French rule in Canada.
During the ensuing campaign, Amherst confronted French resurgence
at Quebec and mounted sieges at Isle aux Noix and Fort Levis, both
of which were made difficult by French strategic placements on
nearby islands. As historian Douglas R. Cubbison demonstrates,
however, Amherst was well before his time in strategy and tactics,
and his forces crushed French resistance. In this first book-length
study of Amherst's campaign, Cubbison examines the three principal
columns that Amherst's army comprised, only one of which was under
his direct command. Cubbison argues that Amherst's success against
the French relied on his employment of command, control,
communications, and intelligence. Cubbison also shows how well
Brigadier General James Murray's use of what is today called
population-centric counterinsurgency corresponded with Amherst's
strategic oversight and victory. Using archival materials,
archaeological evidence, and the firsthand accounts of junior
provincial soldiers, Cubbison takes us from the eighteenth-century
antagonisms between the British and French in the New World through
the Seven Years' War, to the final siege and its historic
significance for colonial Canada. In one of the most decisive
victories of the Seven Years' War, Amherst was able, after a mere
four weeks, to claim all of Canada. All Canada in the Hands of the
British will change how military historians and enthusiasts
understand the nature of British colonial battle strategy.
The American victory over the British at Saratoga in 1777 was
arguably the pivotal event of the American Revolutionary War. The
British defeat led France and Spain to declare war on Britain,
transforming a colonial uprising into a world war and, by
distracting the British with a European conflict, assuring the
colonists' success. The British troops at Saratoga were led by
Lieutenant General John Burgoyne, and two years after his defeat he
faced a parliamentary investigation into his conduct of the
campaign.
In "Burgoyne and the Saratoga Campaign," Douglas R. Cubbison
presents the papers that Burgoyne gathered preparatory to his
appearance before Parliament, together with Cubbison's own
interpretive narrative of the campaign, based on these documents
and other sources. The papers, most of them published here for the
first time, comprise Burgoyne's correspondence with the governor
general of Canada, the British secretary of state for America, and
the commander of the British army during the Saratoga expedition.
The letters and reports outline the campaign's political
organization and planning, logistical preparations, and
implementation.
Burgoyne is one of the most colorful and fascinating figures of the
American Revolution. A successful British commander in Portugal
during the Seven Years' War, he was also a popular playwright, and
those of his letters included and carefully annotated here reflect
his literary gifts. At the outbreak of the revolution in 1775,
Burgoyne was promoted to major general. Thanks largely to his
political connections, he was dispatched in 1776 to lead the
detachment of the British army sent to stop the rebels from seizing
Canada. Cubbison concludes that the ultimate defeat of this
expedition at Saratoga was due to lax planning in London and in the
field. Burgoyne's cavalry career in Europe had not prepared him for
warfare along the waterways and deep in the woods of Canada and New
York. The general also seriously underestimated the capabilities of
the American rebels.
The documents Burgoyne assembled in 1779--and Cubbison's narrative
and analysis of the challenges faced by Burgoyne and his
associates--are crucial for understanding this turning point in the
Revolutionary War.
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