This volume presents a collection of papers given at the 16th Mid -America Symposium on Spectroscopy held in Chicago, June 14-17, 1965. The Mid-America Symposium is sponsored annually by the Chicago Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy in cooperation with the St. Louis, Niagara Frontier, Cleveland, Detroit, lndianapolis, and Milwaukee Sections of the Society and the Chicago Gas Chromatography Discussion Group. Although we refer to this meeting as the Mid-America Symposium, it continues to attract attendance, interest, and inquiry from many parts of the world. Sessions on lnfrared, Raman, Ultraviolet, Visible, Emis sion, Flame, Atomic Absorption, Nuclear Particle, Gamma Ray, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-Ray Spectroscopy, Spec troscopy, Spectrophosphorimetry, and Gas Chromatography provided interesting papers involving both applied and theo retical principles. This volume continues a series of the Proceedings initiated in 1961 and is composed of a collection of 37 papers presented at this meeting. It is the opinion of the Symposium Committee that although not a complete account of the proceedings, publication of this collection as a reference is warranted. As editors of this volume, we wish to express our gratitude to the authors who gave their time and effort in submitting their manuscripts so that this volume could be published. The Symposium Committee, L. S. Gray, W. Baer, Vivian Biske, W. Los eki , M. S. Wang, F. Leahy, J. L. Ogilvie, B. D.

Volume 9 of Developments in Applied Spectroscopy pr e- sents a collection of tventy-three selected papers presented during the 21st Mid-America Symposium on Spectroscopy, held in Chicago, June 2-5, 1970, In general. these papers are those of the symposium type and not papers pertaining to a specific research topic that one voul~ expect to find in the journals. The 21st Mid-America Symposium vas sponsored by the Chicago Section in cooperation vith Cincinnati, Cleveland, Indiana, Nev England, Nev York, Niagara Frontier and Ohio Vall ey Sections of the Society of Applied Spectroscopy, and the Chicago Gas Chromatography Group. Although the Mid- America is stiIl occasionally thought of as a regional meet- ing, its attendees and authors come from all parts of the United States and Canada as vell as other countries outside North America. Both theoretieal and applied principles vere presented in sessions on emission, molecular and atomic absorption, x-ray, mass, nuclear, electron, and nuclear magnetic and electron spin resonanee spectroscopy; air and Water pOllution analyses; biomedical technology; polymers and elastomeric materials; and computer applications. The chairmen of the Symposium Committees, Mr. E. Baclavski. Dr. W. K. Baer, Mr. J. E. Burroughs, Dr. C. R. Brundle, Mr. C. Hastings, Mr. J. B. Himes, Mr. R. Isaac, Dr. R. J. Jakobsen, Mr. J. Kinder, Dr. J. L. Koenig, Mr. W. A. Loseke, Dr. R. Mattoon, Miss V. McMahon, Dr. C.E. Moore, Mr. C. S. Naiman, Dr. M. J. Oestmann, Mr. C. R.

From the first appearance of the classic The Spectrum Analysis in 1885 to the present the field of emission spectroscopy has been evolving and changing. Over the last 20 to 30 years in particular there has been an explosion of new ideas and developments. Of late, the aura of glamour has supposedly been transferred to other techniques, but, nevertheless, it is estimated that 75% or more of the analyses done by the metal industry are accomplished by emission spectroscopy. Further, the excellent sensitivity of plasma sources has created a demand for this technique in such divergent areas as direct trace element analyses in polluted waters. Developments in the replication process and advances in the art of pro ducing ruled and holographic gratings as well as improvements in the materials from which these gratings are made have made excellent gratings available at reasonable prices. This availability and the development of plane grating mounts have contributed to the increasing popularity of grating spectrometers as com pared with the large prism spectrograph and concave grating mounts. Other areas of progress include new and improved methods for excitation, the use of controlled atmospheres and the extension of spectrometry into the vacuum region, the widespread application of the techniques for analysis of nonmetals in metals, the increasing use of polychrometers with concave or echelle gratings and improved readout systems for better reading of spectrographic plates and more efficient data handling."

Volume 7 of Developments in Applied Spectroscopy is a collection of forty-two papers selected from those that were presented at the 7th National Meeting of the Society of Applied Spectroscopy, held (in place of the 19th Mid-America Symposium on Spectroscopy) in Chicago, May 13-17, 1968. These papers, selected by the editors and reviewed by persons knowledgeable in the field, are those of the symposium type and not those pertaining to specific research topics that one would expect to be submitted to a journal. It is the opinion of the committee that this type of publication has an important place in the literature. The relatively large number of papers would result in quite a sizable volume if bound in one set of covers. For this reason, and to present the material in areas of more specific mterest, Volume 7 was divided into two parts, Part A, Physical-Inorganic, and Part B, Physical-Organic Developments. The 7th National Meeting was sponsored by the Chicago Section as host in cooperation with the St. Louis, New England, Penn York, Niagara-Frontier, Cincinnati, Ohio Valley, New York, Baltimore-Washington, North Texas, Rocky Mountain, and Southeastern Sections of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy and the Chicago Gas Chromatography Group. The editors wish to express their appreciation to the authors and to those who helped with the reviewing. The latter include Dr. Elma Lanterman, Mr. John E. Forrette, Dr. Carl Moore, Dr. B. Jaselskis, Mr. H. G. Zelinski, Mr.

Volume 7 of Developments in Applied Spectroscopy is a collection of forty-two papers selected from those that were presented at the 7th National Meeting of the Society of Applied Spectroscopy, held (in place of the 19th Mid-America Symposium on Spectroscopy) in Chicago, May 13-17, 1968. These papers, selected by the editors and reviewed by persons knowledgeable in the field, are those of the symposium type and not those pertaining to specific research topics that one would expect to be submitted to a journal. It is the opinion of the committee that this type of publication has an important place in the literature. The relatively large number of papers would result in quite a sizable volume if bound in one set of covers. For this reason, and to present the material in areas of more specific iilterest, Volume 7 was divided into two parts, Part A, Physical-Inorganic, and Part B, Physical-Organic Developments. The 7th National Meeting was sponsored by the Chicago Section as host in cooperation with the St. Louis, New England, Penn York, Niagara-Frontier, Cincinnati, Ohio Valley, New York, Baltimore-Washington, North Texas, Rocky Mountain, and Southeastern Sections of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy and the Chicago Gas Chromatography Group. The editors wish to express their appreciation to the authors and to those who helped with the reviewing. The latter include Dr. Elma Lanterman, Mr. John E. Forrette, Dr. Carl Moore, Dr. B. Jaselskis, Mr. H. G. Zelinski, Mr.

Volume 6 of Developments in Applied Spectroscopy presents a collection of twenty-eight selected papers from those that were pre sented at the Eighteenth Mid-America Symposium on Spectroscopy held in Chicago, May 15 to 18, 1967. In general, the papers selected by the editors are those of the symposium type and not those papers pertaining to a specific research topic that one expects to be sub mitted to a journal. Not all of the submitted papers were included. Some revisions could not meet the deadline and others were not accepted based on the advice of the reviewers. It is the opinion of the committee that this type of publication has *an important place in the literature. The Mid-America Symposium is sponsored annually by the Chicago Section in cooperation with the Cincinnati, Detroit, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Niagara Frontier, and St. Louis Sections of the Society of Applied Spectroscopy, and the Chicago Gas Chromatography Group. Although the Mid-America is often thought of as a regional meeting, its attendees and authors generally come from all parts of the United States and Canada. Both applied and theoretical principles were provided in sessions on X-ray, emission, atomic-absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, Raman, nuclear-particle, and gamma ray spectroscopy; activation analysis; and gas chromatography. In addition, there were symposia on absorption spectra of biologically significant molecules; the structure of ice, water, and aqueous solu tions; air and water pollution analyses; and the practical application of statistics.

Volume 10 of Developments in Applied Spectroscopy presents a collection of twenty selected papers presented during the 10th National lleeting of the Society of Applied Spectroscopy held in St. Louis, Oct. 18-22, 1971. The 10th National Meeting was sponsored by the St. Louis Section, Society of Applied Spectroscopy in cooperation with Baltimore-Washington, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Houston, Intermountain (Idaho Falls), Kansas City, New England, Niagra Frontier, Northern California, North Texas, Pittsburgh and Rocky Mountain (Denver) Sections of the Society and combined with the 22nd Mid-American Symposium. Both theoretical and applied principles were presented in sessions on emmision, atomic absorp- tion, molecular, nuclear, mass, x-ray, flame, Massbauer, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition special symposia were held on on-line computers, spectra data processing and re- trival, application of spectrographic techniques for the museum, in environmental control, in space, in biomedicinal, sampling, the analysis and characterization of electronic materials and gas chromatography. The members of the Program Committee, I. Adler, L. Beaver, J. E. Delmore Jr., J. Eichelberger, J. R. Ferraro, M. Fishman, C. L. Grant, X. W. Heitsch, W. M. Hickam, M. T. Jones, S. R. Koistyohann, J. Kopp, D. W. Larsen, F. Pogge, W. Ritchey, M. E. Salmon, R. K. Skogerboe, J. J. Spijkerman, P. Urone, C. Veillon, M. S. Wang, and J. S. Ziomek, and the other meeting committee members are to be commended for the excellent program. Thanks are also extended to the exhibitors for their part in making the meeting a success.

Volume 8 of Developments in Applied Spectroscopy presents a collection of selected papers presented at special symposia and other sessions during the 20th Mid-America Symposium on Spectroscopy, held in Chicago, May 12-15, 1969. In general, these papers are those of the symposium type and not papers per taining to a specific research topic that one would expect to find in the journals. The 20th Mid-America Symposium was sponsored by the Chicago Section in cooperation with the Niagara Frontier, Rocky Mountain, St. Louis, and Southeastern Sections of the Society of Applied Spectroscopy, and the Chicago Gas Chromatography Group. Although the Mid-America is still occasionally thought of as a regional meeting, its attendees and authors come from all parts of the United States and Canada. Both theoretical and applied principles were presented in sessions on emission, atomic absorption, x-ray, nuclear particle, Raman and infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy; computer applications; air and water pollution, instrumental applications to biomedicine toxicology; spectra and characterization; matrix isolation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, there were symposia on trace element analyses, silicate analyses, Mossbauer spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analyses (ESCA), spectroscopy of materials under high pressure, and reference spectra and retrieval systems. The various chairmen of the Symposium Committee, H. Bedell, Dr. Charles Bell, Dr. Eleanor Berman, Dr. Roy Bible, Sam Booras, James E. Burroughs, Adrian Chisholm, Dr. Paul Day, Tod Engelskirchen, G. A. Ettelt, Dr. L. S.