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There can be little doubt that without Spinoza, German Idealism
would have been just as impossible as it would have been without
Kant. Yet the precise nature of Spinoza's influence on the German
Idealists has hardly been studied in detail. This volume of essays
by leading scholars sheds light on how the appropriation of Spinoza
by Fichte, Schelling and Hegel grew out of the reception of his
philosophy by, among others, Lessing, Mendelssohn, Jacobi, Herder,
Goethe, Schleiermacher, Maimon and, of course, Kant. The volume
thus not only illuminates the history of Spinoza's thought, but
also initiates a genuine philosophical dialogue between the ideas
of Spinoza and those of the German Idealists. The issues at stake -
the value of humanity; the possibility and importance of
self-negation; the nature and value of reason and imagination;
human freedom; teleology; intuitive knowledge; the nature of God -
remain of the highest philosophical importance today.
Kant declared that philosophy began in 1781 with his Critique of
Pure Reason. In 1806 Hegel announced that philosophy had now been
completed. Eckart Foerster examines the reasons behind these claims
and assesses the steps that led in such a short time from Kant's
"beginning" to Hegel's "end." He concludes that, in an unexpected
yet significant sense, both Kant and Hegel were indeed right.
"Presents a novel interpretation of the development of German
idealism that is rich in both historical depth and philosophical
insight...Foerster sets forth a historically nuanced and
philosophically discerning interpretation of the central debates of
the era." -Peter Yong, Philosophy in Review "[Foerster's] book does
not disappoint...The amount of material covered by Foerster is
impressive...Foerster's book is rich in specificity...Wherever the
discussion goes, it is going to have to go on by taking Foerster's
big picture and all his detailed accounts into account." -Terry
Pinkard, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews "Foerster's command of
the historical sources is most impressive. Moreover, this book is
clearly written, and Bowman's translation is commendable. Scholars
and graduate students will welcome this masterpiece." -J. M.
Fritzman, Choice
Friedrich Holderlin (1770-1843) has long been recognized as one of
the greatest poets of the German language, but his importance to
philosophy has surfaced only comparatively recently. Although
Schelling and Hegel acknowledged Holderlin early on as their equal,
for a long time his philosophical thought remained unknown outside
the small circle of his friends.
Among the most prominent figures in the rediscovery of Holderlin's
thought is Dieter Henrich, who, in a series of highly influential
studies over the last thirty years, has shown that Holderlin played
a decisive role in the development of philosophy from Kant to
Hegel, and hence in the formation of German Idealism. Among other
things, Henrich demonstrated that Holderlin, while still a student,
launched a powerful critique of Fichte's "Wissenschaftslehre" and
outlined an alternative to the dominant view of the foundation of
philosophy. This alternative proved pathbreaking for his
philosophical friends, forcing Hegel, for example, to abandon his
own Kantianism and, eventually, to give systematic articulation to
a position that went even beyond Holderlin's.
This volume includes six of Henrich's most important essays on
Holderlin's philosophical significance. Among the topics discussed
are Holderlin's motivation and methodological orientation in his
work on German Idealism, the intellectual atmosphere of Holderlin's
student years and the philosophical problems that occupied him,
Holderlin's attitude toward any first-principle philosophy, and the
complex personal and philosophical relationships between Hegel and
Holderlin. The last essay is a long, detailed interpretation of one
of Holderlin's greatest poems, "Remembrance." In elucidating its
lyric composition and structure, Henrich also seeks to show how it
incorporates and develops Holderlin's philosophical thought.
There can be little doubt that without Spinoza, German Idealism
would have been just as impossible as it would have been without
Kant. Yet the precise nature of Spinoza's influence on the German
Idealists has hardly been studied in detail. This volume of essays
by leading scholars sheds light on how the appropriation of Spinoza
by Fichte, Schelling and Hegel grew out of the reception of his
philosophy by, among others, Lessing, Mendelssohn, Jacobi, Herder,
Goethe, Schleiermacher, Maimon and, of course, Kant. The volume
thus not only illuminates the history of Spinoza's thought, but
also initiates a genuine philosophical dialogue between the ideas
of Spinoza and those of the German Idealists. The issues at stake -
the value of humanity; the possibility and importance of
self-negation; the nature and value of reason and imagination;
human freedom; teleology; intuitive knowledge; the nature of God -
remain of the highest philosophical importance today.
This is the first book in English devoted entirely to Kant's "Opus
postumum" and its place in the Kantian oeuvre. Over the last few
decades, the importance of this text for our understanding of
Kant's philosophy has emerged with increasing clarity. Although
Kant began it in order to solve a relatively minor problem within
his philosophy, his reflections soon forced him to readdress
virtually all the key problems of his critical philosophy: the
objective validity of the categories, the dynamical theory of
matter, the natures of space and time, the refutation of idealism,
the theory of the self and its agency, the question of living
organisms, the doctrine of the practical postulates and the idea of
God, the unity of theoretical and practical reason, and the idea of
transcendental philosophy itself. In the end Kant was convinced
that these problems, some of which had preoccupied him throughout
his career, could finally be brought to a coherent and adequate
solution and integrated into a single philosophical conception. As
Eckart Forster shows in his penetrating study, Kant's conviction
deserves not only our intellectual respect but also our undivided
philosophical attention. Forster provides detailed analyses of the
key problems of Kant's "Opus postumum" and also relates them to
Kant's major published writings. In this way he provides unique
insights into the extraordinary continuity and inner dynamics of
Kant's transcendental philosophy as it progresses toward its final
synthesis.
This volume is the first-ever English translation of Kant's last major work, the so-called Opus postumum, a work Kant himself described as his "chef d'oeuvre" and as the keystone of his entire philosophical system. It occupied him for more than the last decade of his life. Professor Förster's introduction places the text in the context of Kant's earlier writings and provides a comprehensive account of the remarkable history of the manuscript from Kant's death to its eventual publication in the 1930s. Also included are extensive explanatory notes and a helpful glossary.
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