How did East and West Germany and Japan reconstitute national identity after World War II? Did all three experience parallel reactions to national trauma and reconstruction?

History education shaped how these nations reconceived their national identities. Because the content of history education was controlled by different actors, history education materials framed national identity in very different ways. In Japan, where the curriculum was controlled by bureaucrats bent on maintaining their purported neutrality, materials focused on the empirical building blocks of history (who? where? what?) at the expense of discussions of historical responsibility. In East Germany, where party cadres controlled the curriculum, students were taught that World War II was a capitalist aberration. In (West) Germany, where teachers controlled the curriculum, students were taught the lessons of shame and then regeneration after historians turned away from grand national narratives.

This book shows that constructions of national identity are not easily malleable on the basis of moral and political concerns only, but that they are subject to institutional constraints and opportunities. In an age when post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation has become a major focus of international policies, the analysis offers important implications for the parallel revision of portrayals of national history and the institutional reconstruction of policy-making regimes.

English as an Additional Language is packed full of straightforward ideas to help teachers get a grip on good classroom practice and will help teachers: understand language development and its impact upon pupils attainment use the latest teaching strategies and interventions to help pupils access the curriculum and enjoy all aspects of school life anticipate problems for later-stage pupils and be ready to support their independence keep up-to-date withthe DfES English as an Additional Language Strategy and Race Relations Act Amendments.

English as an Additional Language is packed full of straightforward ideas to help teachers get a grip on good classroom practice and will help teachers: understand language development and its impact upon pupils attainment use the latest teaching strategies and interventions to help pupils access the curriculum and enjoy all aspects of school life anticipate problems for later-stage pupils and be ready to support their independence keep up-to-date withthe DfES English as an Additional Language Strategy and Race Relations Act Amendments.