This edited volume reviews the latest advances in policies and actions in understanding the science, impacts and management of climate change in Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to its geographical, physical, and social-economic situations. There are many initiatives to understand and deal with the impacts in the country. The national government has issued key guiding policies for climate change. International agencies together with local stakeholders are working on strengthening the capacity in the policy formulations and implement actions to build community resilience. Universities are conducting research on climate change related at different scales. Cities and local governments are implementing innovations in adapting to the impacts of climate change and transiting toward green economy. This book summarizes and discusses the state-of-the-art regarding climate change in Indonesia including adaptation and mitigation measures. The primary readership of the book includes policy makers, scientists and practitioners of climate change actions in Indonesia and other countries facing similar challenges. Chapter "Carbon Stocks from Peat Swamp Forest and Oil Palm Plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This edited volume reviews the latest advances in policies and actions in understanding the science, impacts and management of climate change in Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to its geographical, physical, and social-economic situations. There are many initiatives to understand and deal with the impacts in the country. The national government has issued key guiding policies for climate change. International agencies together with local stakeholders are working on strengthening the capacity in the policy formulations and implement actions to build community resilience. Universities are conducting research on climate change related at different scales. Cities and local governments are implementing innovations in adapting to the impacts of climate change and transiting toward green economy. This book summarizes and discusses the state-of-the-art regarding climate change in Indonesia including adaptation and mitigation measures. The primary readership of the book includes policy makers, scientists and practitioners of climate change actions in Indonesia and other countries facing similar challenges. Chapter "Carbon Stocks from Peat Swamp Forest and Oil Palm Plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction on the rainfall characteristics in a tropical area, Indonesia, on a time scale monthly to interannual. Unlike the monsoonal South Asia and East Asia, the Southeast Asian monsoon, especially over Indonesia is still not well understood. Chapters of this book stand for basic pillars in the rainfall characteristics in Indonesia; from the representation of rainfall from observation, representation of rainfall in the global model or reanalyses, representation of rainfall in the regional climate model, the introduction of the ocean climate in Indonesia related to the rainfall and the coupled ocean atmosphere aspects of the Indonesian rainfall. This book covers basic annual patterns and their regionalizations as well as ocean atmosphere mechanisms that drive them and how those annual patterns interplay to regional phenomena such as ENSO. The objective of this book is to describe how well the performance of multi level climate models over the tropics, especially in the representation of Indonesian rainfall. The reader of this book shall be the climatologist, atmospheric science, oceanographer and hydrologist who are interested in the climate and air sea interactions of the tropics.